高二英语必修五unit1语法总结

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高二英语必修五unit1语法总结

Unit1语法重点

非谓语动词：todo/doing一、动词不定式

不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。（1）做主语

①动词不定式短语

Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion

②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：

1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如：Itisfoolishtodointhisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.2）某些动词做谓语时。例如：Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.(2)做表语

表示打算、计划、命令和要求，用于appear,seem,happen等系动词后面Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.(3)做定语

做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如：Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidn’thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.

如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如：Hehasnothingtoworryabout.

Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.(4)作状语

不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。

①表目的常用inorderto,soasto,等结构但soasto只能放在主句之后。Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.

Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.

②表结果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,too…todo等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之外”之意。

Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.

Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.③原因

Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.

Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.

-不定式作方式状语时，通常采用asif或asthough+to的结构，其意为“好像要……”。

Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.

Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.(5)做宾语①某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语,以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语：agree,ask,attempt,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,

hope,,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,prefer,,promise,refuse,try，want,wish等。例如：

②动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe,consider,feel,guess,imagine,know,make,prove,realize,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如：Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.

Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.(6)做宾语补足语

①带to的不定式做宾补

有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带to的不定式做宾补。例如：Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor.Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany.Ishallpersuadehimtotakethemedicine.②不带to的不定式做宾补

也有一些及物动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make,let,have；感官动词类：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等。但在被动结构中要带to(let除外)。例如：Someonesawhimentermyroom.Hewasseentoentermyroom.Theboymadethebabylaugh.Thebabywasmadetolaugh(7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如：

Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idon’tknowwhentoleave.=Idon’tknowwhenwewillleave.

(10)动词不定式的复合结构

①不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。例：

Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.Itiscleverofyoutodothat.

二、动名词

动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。1.动名词的用法(1)做主语

①动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义.例如：Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：

1)谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如：It’sinterestingplanningaholiday.It’srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如：

It’snousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.It’snogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.

(2)作宾语

某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表：特定动词+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,mind,miss,imagine,enjoy,,practise,suggest等短语动词+doingbeworth,can’thelp,can’tstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等①放在介词on;upon，after等后面时，例如：OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.

Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.③有些后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别不大。常见的动词有：start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.

④有些动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别大。见下表：

trytodosth.（努力去做）trydoingsth.（试着、尝试做）remembertodosth（记得要做）rememberdoingsth.（记得做过）forgettodosth.（忘记要做某事）forgetdoingsth.(忘记做过某事）meantodosth.（打算做某事）meandoingsth.（意味着）can’thelptodosth.（不能帮助做某事）can’thelpdoingsth.（禁不住做某事）stoptodosth.（停下来去做另一件事）stopdoingsth.（停止做某事）goontodosth.（接下来做另一件事）goondoingsth.（继续做同一件事）regrettodosth（遗憾要做某事）regretdoingsth（后悔做过某事）(3)作表语

相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。例如：

MyjobisteachingEnglish.

Herjobistakingcareofthechildren.

Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定语

说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking

(5)动名词的复合结构

动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。Hiscomingwon’thelpmuch.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Idon’tmindyour(you)smoking.

Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.

(6)动名词的主动形式表示被动意义

①beworth后接动名词时。

Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.

②need，want，require，bear，stand等动词后面可用动名词的主动式表被动意义，但用不定式时则只能用被动形式。

Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.

Exercise

从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.Shesaidshe___heruncleverymuchandhoped____him.A.missed,tohearfromB.missed,tohearC.misses,hearingfromD.misses,hearing

2.______aliving,shehadtoworkfrommorningtillnight.A.TomakeB.madeC.MakingD.Tohavemade

3.MrsBrownregretted____hisson.A.beatedB.beatingC.beatD.beaten

4.Ioftenhearhim___aboutthegreatwriter.A.totalkB.talkC.speakingD.totell

5.Missingthelastbusmeans___home.A.towalkB.walkingC.walkedD.walk

6.Pauldoesn"thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.studyB.tostudyC.studiedD.studying

7.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstarts.A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have

8.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim__.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donot9.Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.That"sgood.Wetired___noisy.A.nottoB.tobenotC.tobeD.nottobe

10.IhearthatyouandFranciswillspendyourvacationinNepalnextspring.Yes,weareplanning_____.

A.toB.tobeC.itD.todoit

11.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed

12.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Oh,Iforgot_____A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff13.Iwouldappreciate____backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling

14.Howaboutthetwoofus____awalkdownthegarden?A.TotakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking

15.Imustapologizefor____aheadoftime.That’allright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow

16.Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregret____that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone

17.Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis___DrTurnerinsteadofMrTurner.A.beencalledB.calledC.havingcalledD.beingcalled

18.Doyoumind___aloneathome?A.JaneleavingB.JanehavingleftC.Jane’sbeingleftD.Janetobeleft

19.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto___theflower-linedgarden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin

20.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,___constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying21.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp___intobuyingsomethingthey

don’treallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded

22.WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?___hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing23.Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.Don’tyouremember___thestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold

24.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand___them.A.correctB.CorrectingC.correctsD.tocorrect

25.Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and____.A.he’dliketocollectcoinaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure

扩展阅读：译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1 知识点及语法总结

译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1知识点及语法总结

Welcometotheunit&Reading

重点单词

1.betray.vt.

1)出卖；背叛

Hewouldratherdiethanbetrayhiscountrytotheenemy.2)显露；泄露

Theexpressiononherfacebetraysheranger.2.pretend.vt/vi

1)vt.假装，佯装,后接不定式和从句做宾语。Shepretendedtobereading.她假装在看书。2）vi.假装

Shewasn’treallycrying,shewasonlypretending.3.admit.vt

1)承认；供认

admitdoingsth.承认做某事admittosb.向某人承认Headmittedhiscrime.2)许可进入，准许进入

admitsb.to/into---接纳某人进入...;吸收某人参加...HeisadmittedtoNanjingUniversitythisyear.3)容纳,容许

Thecinemaadmitsabout201*people.

4)admitof容许有;有...可能;容有...的余地Hisillnessadmitsofnodelay.4.swear.vt/vi发誓；郑重承诺；咒骂

sweartosb./swearthat从句向某人承诺发誓swearswore---sworn5.focus.n/vt/vi1)n.焦点，注意力

putfocuson集中注意力于…..2)vi/vt

focuson集中注意力于….近义词组：concentrateonpayfullattentiontodevote…to

6.guilty.adj有罪的1)beguiltyof“犯了罪”

Intheprocessofgainingourrightfulplace,wemustnotbeguiltyofwrongfuldeeds.2)befoundguilty被判决有罪Maggiecouldbesentencedtouptothreeyearsinprisionif(hewas)foundguilty.7.remark.Vt/n评论

makeremarksonsth=makecommentsonsth对…作出评论8.apologize.vi道歉

apologizetosb=makeanapologytosb向某人道歉9.sensitive.adj敏感的;体贴的besensitiveto对…体贴，敏感10.blame.n/vt责备

1)n.putblameonsb责备某人2)vt.blamesbforsth因某事责备某人blamesthonsb把某事归咎于某人Heblamedhisfaiureonhisteacher.

sbbetoblame=sbshouldbeblamed主动形式表被动Youaretoblame.你应该受责备。11.gifted.adj=talented有天赋的1)begiftedfor/as有…天赋2)haveagiftfor有…天赋

II.重点词组

1.begsbtodosth恳求某人做某事2.stareat凝视

glareat怒视gazeat瞪眼看

3.keepone’sword守诺言

breakone’sword食言haveawordwith与…交谈haveawordswith与…吵架4.feellikedoing想要做某事

soundlike听起来像5.gostraightto径直去…6.spyon监视

watchover看管

7.keeppacewith与…协调一致

keepupwith跟上8.asaresultof由于

becauseof=dueto=owingto由于asaresult结果resultin导致

resultfrom源于，由于9.turninto转变成

turnup出现，出席turnout结果是turnsbdown拒绝turnaround转身；逆转turnto转向10.aswellas和

aswell也mayaswell不如不妨

11.shoutat朝…大喊(生气，愤怒)shoutto朝…大喊（指远处）

12.makesomecruelremarks咒骂某人，说坏话13.eventhough即使

14.cannothelpdoingsth禁不住做某事

can’thelpbutdosth只好做某事can’thelptodosth不能帮助做某事15.accusesbofsth指控某人某事

inform..of…告知approve…of同意warn…of…警告

III.重点句式

1.Imusthavesoundedveryproudofmyselfafterthequiz,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark.（page2）

（1）“must+完成时”表示对过去事情语气比较肯定的推测。对现在推测，用mustbe.Theymusthavebeenlaughingbehindmyback.(page2）他们在我背后一定是笑得合不拢嘴。

①“must+完成时”结构的反义疑问句，疑问部分应根据must后的动词形式采用相应的形式，可用have(has)，也可用did。但若句中出现了过去时间状语，则只能用did。Hemusthavereadit,hasn’t/didn’the?他一定读过它，是吗?Hemusthaveleftyesterday,didn’the?他昨天一定走了，是吗?

②表示推测的否定结构要用“cannot/can’t”,或者是can+其他具有否定意义的副词。例如：

Youcan’tbetiredyou’veonlybeenworkingforanhour.你不可能疲倦，你只工作了一小时。（2）…..,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是非谓语动词doing做原因状语；howeasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是how引导的名词性从句做say的宾语。

2.IthoughtthatHannahmusthavetoldeveryoneaboutmygradesafterpromisingmenotto.（page2）

1)musthavetold表示对过去推测；

2）afterpromisingmenotto=aftershepromisednottotellanyone.

a.after引导的状语从句，当从句的主语she与主句的主语Hannah一致时，从句的she可以省略，同时从句的谓语动词promised要变成非谓语形式promising;

b.promisingmenotto属于todo不定式省略动词do的情况，在某些动词后，如：promise,like,hope,want等，为避免与上一句todo中的动词重复，可省略to后的动词。

3.IcannothelpwonderingifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme.（page3）

1）ifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme为wonder的宾语从句

2）wondervt.(对)...感到奇怪;想知道，不知道

①Iwonderif/whetheryou…可用来客气地提出请求；wonder后可接其他连接词引导的宾语从句。例如：

Iwonderifyou’dgivemesomeadvice.

Iwonderwhoheis,wherehecamefromandwhyhecame.②wonder后可接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语：例如：Theywaitedandwonderedwhattodo.

③thereisnowonderthat从句：难怪…….

Thereisnowonderthatyouwerelateforschool,foryourbikebrokedown.4.Heaccusemeofsomebadthingsjusttohurtme.(page3）1)accusesbofsth=chargesbwithsth指控某人….

2）justtohurtme属于非谓语todo形式，在句中做目的状语，类似的词组还有：onlyto(表示出乎意料的结果)，inorderto/soasto(表示目的)

5.Ifso,theproblemlieswithyou,nother.（page5）

(1)Ifso是个条件从句，so代替上文内容。not也有同样用法，构成省略句式：ifnot。又如：

Shemaynotbefreetoday.她今天可能没空。

Ifso,we’llhavetoputthemeetingoff.如果是这样，这会就得延后了。

Getupearlytomorrow,ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.明天你得早起，否则（你不早起），你会错过首班车。(2)liewith“是的责任；取决于”。例如：

Thesolutiontotheproblemlieswithyou.解决该问题的办法落在你的肩上。

7.Ihavenodoubthewillsucceed.（page7）

doubt作名词常用句型

①havenodoubt意为“毫无疑义；毫无疑问”，其中doubt是名词。例如：Iforonehavenodoubtthathe’slying.

②Thereisnodoubtthat…“毫无疑问……”,that从句是同位语从句。例如：ThereisnodoubtthatMaryisqualifiedforthejob.③no/without/beyonddoubt“无疑地；必定”Thetruthofthereportisbeyondalldoubt.

Hewaswithoutdoubttheveryworstkindofreporter.Thosewholeftwereattracted,nodoubt,byhigherpay.

Task&Project

重点单词

1.acquaintance.n泛泛之交makeacquaintancewithsb结识某人2.anchor.n.锚；vt.扎根于beanchoredin=bebasedon根植于3.attitude.n.看法，态度havepositiveattitudetowardssth/sb4.cautious.adj小心谨慎的becautiousabout=becarefulaboutcaution.N小心5.eager.adj急切的

beeagertodo=bedyingfor=longfor=lookforwardtoeagerness.N

6.respond.vi回应，回复respondto回复replyto回应reactto回应response.n回复

inresponsetosth对…做出回复7.mercy.n仁慈

atthemercyof在…的支配下8.committed.adj尽心尽力的

becommittedtodoingsth=bedevotedtodoing=beabsorbedindoing=concentrateondoing=bebentondoing=beoccupiedindoing投入做某事commit.Vt致力于

committodoingsth致力于做某事committosth致力于某事commitsuicide自杀commitcrime犯罪

9.regardless.Adv不管，不顾regardlessof=indespiteof=despite+名词或名词性从句，意为“尽管”regard.Vt看做

regard…as=thinkof…as=lookon…as=consider…asII.

重点词组

1.getthrough接通电话；渡过geton/alongwith与…相处getover克服getacross使…明白2.beanchoredin根植于3.bebasedon以…为基础sbbase…on…某人把…基于…之上onthebasisof在…的基础上4.regardlessof不管不顾5.endup结果

endup+形容词/done/doing/介词短语，表结果是……endin结果是intheend最后6.relyon依赖dependon依赖依靠7.thanksto幸亏butfor=thanksto+名词

表示与事实相反时，主句用虚拟语态，例如：Thankstoyourhelp,wewouldnothavefinishedthetask.8.getalongwith与…相处getalongwithsb与某人相处getalongwithsth某事进展

9.havedifferentattitudestowards对…有不同的看法10.becautiousabout对…小心谨慎11.beeagerto急切盼望….12.onthewaytosp在去…的路上onthewaytodoing即将….inthisway如此一来intheway挡道，碍事

13.haveaquarrelwith与某人争吵quarrelwithsb与某人争吵14.makeanapology道歉apologizetosb道歉15.inconclusion总结inaword总之inshort简言之inall总共inbrief简言之16.lookbackon回顾lookthrough看穿；浏览lookdownupon小看，瞧不起lookupto敬仰lookinto调查III.

重点句式

1.Theyarestillsittingonthesofa,continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic.continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic,在句中作伴随状语，主句主语they与continue是主谓关系，故用doing非谓语形式。2.Whenasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforeresponding.

此句完整形式为Whentheywereasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforetheyrespond.属于状语从句的省略，当状从的主语与主句的主语一致时，从句的主语可省略，从句的谓语动词变为非谓语动词形式。

3.Wehavetorealize:boysshareactivities,whilegirlssharefeelings.1）while意为“然而”，并列连词表对比转折。

2）while还可意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句=though,例如：whiletheweatheristerrible,theystillarrivedhereontime

4.Thequalitiesthatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriendseemtobethesame,

regardlessofthebasisofthesefriendship.

1）thatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriend是定语从句，先行词是qualities;2）seemtodo表示“似乎，好像”，属于todo非谓语形式，其形式还有：seemtobe

doing(表进行时态)/seemtohavedone(表示过去已完成)3）regardlessof表示尽管，做让步状语。

5.Iendupreturningtothetrainstationandspendingtherestofthedayinthewaiting

room.endup+形容词/done/doing/介词短语，表结果是……,例如：1）Heendsupsuccessfulafteryearsofefforts.

2）Heendsupinprisonbecausehewaschargedwithrobbery.3）Heendsupfinishingthetaskaheadoftime.4）Hiseffortsenduppaidoff.

6.Friendshipmeansbeingcommittedtoothers.1)mean.vt.意谓,想要,预定vi.用意,有意义meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味着做某事Imeanttogiveyouthisbooktoday,butIforgot.Hemeansthishouseforhisdaughter.习惯用语：

bemeanttodo照道理，照规矩；应该，必须；得要；Hewasmeantfor/tobeadoctor.meansb.for准备让某人干某工作

meanmuchtosb.对某人很重要;对某人很可贵meanagreatdeal

mean.adj.低劣的,卑鄙的,普通的,吝啬的,简陋的,不舒服的Peter"sfatherwasverymean;henevergavePeteranynewclothes.2)becommittedtosb表示对某人很投入，真诚7.Thebestwaytohaveafriendistobeafriend.

tohaveafriend系todo非谓语形式做后置定语；tobeafriend是todo非谓语形式做表语。Grammar:todo/doing

语法知识:非谓语动词一、动词不定式TheInfinitiveFormofVerbs

动词不定式是非谓语动词形式之一，它不能充当谓语，但具有谓语动词的主要特征，即时态和语态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。1.不定式的形式肯定式否定式进行体完成体被动式完成被动式todosth.nottodosth.tobedoingsth.tohavedonesth.tobedonetohavebeendoneHe’dliketoplaybasketballthisafternoon.Noonelikestobelookeddownupon.Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.Heseemedtohaveknowntheresult.Hecertainlydeservestobesenttoprison.Heseemstohavebeenelectedamodelworker.2．不定式的用法

不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。（1）做主语

①动词不定式短语

Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion

②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：

1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如：Itisfoolishtoactinthisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.Itappearslikelyforthemtoarrive.Itisagoodideatothinkthisway.

2）某些动词做谓语时。例如：Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.Itneedshardworktofinishthejob.Itdoesnogoodtosaylikethat.

(2)做表语

表示打算、计划、命令和要求，有时可见用appear,seem,happen等做系动词，常做主语的名词有：wish,aim,duty,hope,idea,mistakes,plan,purpose,suggestion.等抽象名词，也可以是what引导的主语从句。例如：

Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.

(3)做定语

做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如：Hekeptonsayingreallymeanthingtohurtme.Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidn’thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.

如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如：Hehasnothingtoworryabout.

Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.

Therewasonlyasmallcoldroomtoliveinatthattime.

(4)作状语

不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。

①表目的常用inorderto,soasto,so+形容词/副词+asto，such+名词+asto等结构但soasto只能放在主句之后。

Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.

Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.

②表结果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,too…todo等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之外”之意。

Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.

Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.③原因

Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.

Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.

④不定式作条件状语时谓语动词通常含有will,shall,should,would,can,must等。

Youwilldobettertogethersupport.

Youmustgetupearlynottomissthetrain.⑤不定式作方式状语时，通常采用asif或asthough+to的结构，其意为“好像要……”。

Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.

Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.

(5)做宾语

①某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语,以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语：agree,ask,attempt,begin,care,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,hate,hope,,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,offer,prefer,pretend,,promise,refuse,start,try,want,undertake,wish等。例如：IwanttotellyouaboutZhaoJie.(page7)

Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.Marybeggedtogowithus.

②动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe,consider,declare,feel,guess,imagine,judge,know,make,prove,realize,report,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如：

Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.

Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.Iconsideritbetternottogo.

(6)做宾语补足语

①带to的不定式做宾补

(7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,understand,wonder等，在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如：

Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idon’tknowwhentoleave.=Idon’tknowwhenwewillleave.

Itisnotyetdecidedwhethertodiscussthis.=Itisnotyetdecidedwhetherwewilldiscussthis.

(8)不定式的省略

动词不定式中再次出现与前面相同的动词只留下不定式符号to,省略其他以避免重复。例如：

IthoughtthatHannahmusthavedeliberatelytoldeveryoneaboutmymarkafterpromisingnotto(telleveryoneaboutmymark).

Wewon’ttellanyoneaboutyourcallunlessyouwantusto(tellanyoneaboutyourcall).Willyoujoinus?

Ishouldloveto(joinyou).

Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto(ridehisbicycleinthestreet).(9)不定式的主动形式表被动意义

①不定式作定语时，若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时，则可以用主动式表示被动。…theimportantthingtorememberisthatbothofthemarefriendships.(page18)②但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式，意思不太一样。比较：Haveyouanythingtosend?(tosend的执行者是“你”。)

Haveyouanythingtobesent?(tobesent的动作执行者是“他人”。)

③形容词easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，nice，dangerous，comfortable，exciting,funny,heavy,important,good,interesting等后面接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义,可用it做形式主语的句型替换。

Thisbookiseasytoread.=Itiseasytoreadthebook.（这本书很容易读。）

Wefoundthemandifficulttodealwith.=Itisdifficultforustodealwiththeman.（我发现这个人很难对付。）

④在too…to…中,不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。Theplaneistoofarawaytosee.

(10)动词不定式的复合结构

①不定式的复合结构“forsb.todosth.”可充当多种句子成分。一般情况下，不定式动作的执行者就是句子的主语。有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语，此时不定式forsb.来充当不定式todosth.的逻辑主语。例如：Idon’tthinkitadvisableforhimtolearnmedicine.(宾语)Thisisforyoutodecide.(表语)

Shewavedtheredflagforthecartostop.(状语)

Thearticleistoodifficultforachildoftentounderstand.(状语)Theorderforthemtoclimbthemountainwasgiven.(定语)Forachildtolearneverythingisimpossible.(主语)

②不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。

1)在“Itis…for/ofsb.todosth.”句型中，forsb.和ofsb.有区别。forsb.前应是表事物性质的形容词如easy,important,necessary,possible等，sb和这些形容词逻辑主谓关系不能成立。而ofsb.前应是表性格特征的形容词如good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,silly,stupid等，其逻辑主谓关系能够成立。例：Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.

Weareeasy逻辑主谓关系不能成立故用介词for。Itiscleverofyoutodothat.

Youareclever逻辑主谓关系能够成立故用介词of。Itisright/wrongfor/ofyoutodothat.

形容词right,wrong后接forsb和ofsb都对。

2)“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”句型中常见名词多是抽象名词如

pleasure,pity,mistake,honor等，不定式的复合结构其实对抽象名词做了细节说明。例如：

Itisagreatmistakeforthemtoagreewithyou.

Itisamatterofhonorforustokeepourstandardsashighaspossible.Itisagreatpleasureformetolivewithyou.(11)不定式的时态和语态

①动词不定式有不同的时态。说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数一是那些表愿望的词：want;hope;expect等。般说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多式数是些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。完说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前成发生。式进不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表行示的动作同时发生。它强调不定式动作正在进式行或持续进行。

二、动名词

动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。1.动名词的形式：肯定式否定式完成体被动式完成被动式doingsth.notdoingsth.havingdonesth.beingdonehavingbeendoneItwillbenicegettingscholarshipstotheuniversity.Iamsorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.Irememberhavingaskedhertowaitus.Idon’tlikebeingleftathomeintheevening.Thehouseshowednosignofhavingbeendamaged.

2.动名词的用法

动名词句法作用表

句子成分主语直接宾语宾短语动词宾语语介词宾语表语定语例句Swimmingisabestsportinsummer.Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.Weenjoyedseeingthefilm.Iamthinkingoftakingoverthejob.Afterhavingfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.Whatlikebestisswimminginthesea.Helookedmewithquestioningeyes.Iwanttogohome.Ihopetoseeyou.Isawhimcomein.Hehelpedhim(to)carrythings.I"msorrytohavetroubledyou.Heissaidtohavecomehere.Heseemedtohaveknownit.Theyseemedtobegettingalongquitewell.=Itseemedthattheyweregettingalongquitewell.(1)做主语

①动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义，在传统语法上和不定式做主语表具体意义有区别,随着语言不断进步,这种区别正在逐渐消失。例如：Movingtoanewtownorareacanbeatryingtime.(page12)Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.②为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：

1)谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如：

It’sinterestingplanningaholiday.It’srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如：It’snousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.It’snogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.Itisawasteoftimetryingtoreasonwithhim.It’sfunhavingguestsfortheweekend.

It’ssuchanencouragementbeingabletopassalltheexams.

③在“Therebeno+主语”这种结构中，通常用动名词做主语，而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”，相当于“Itisimpossibletodosth”。例如：Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.=Itisimpossibletogetalongwithhim.

(2)作宾语

某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表：特定动词+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,dislike,escape,mind,excuse,miss,imagine,enjoy,excuse,practise,suggest等短语动词+doingbeworth,can’thelp,can’tstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等惯用语或短语动词中含介词to+doingpay/draw/get/attract(one’s)attentionto,leadto,contributeto,devoteoneselfto,lookforwardto,appealto,be/getusedto,berelatedto,beavailableto,besimilarto等①表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：

Whatdoyouthinktheproverbstellusaboutfriendshipandgettingalongwithothers?(page1)

Ifyoucanbuyaperson’sfriendship,it’snotworthhaving.(page1)IwassoupsetthatIfeltlikecrying.(page2)

Itseemsyouneedtoapologizequicklytoavoidlosingagoodfriend.(page5)

②有些动词如remember,forget,regret等或明确表示时间先后的介词on;upon，after等，用动名词的一般式代替动名词完成式，表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如：

Irememberseeinghimbefore.Iregretsellingthehouse.

OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.

Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.③有些后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别不大。常见的动词有：start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。

Thenwebothstartedshouting(toshout)ateachotheranditturnedintoahorribleargument.(page3)

Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.

④有些动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别大。见下表：

相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。例如：

MyjobisteachingEnglish.

Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定语

说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingasleepingcar=acarforsleepingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking

(5)动名词的复合结构

动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。Hiscomingwon’thelpmuch.Idon’tmindyour(you)smoking.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.

(6)动名词的主动形式表示被动意义

①beworth后接动名词时。

Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.②need，want，require，bear，stand等动词后面可用动名词的主动式表被动意义，但用不定式时则只能用被动形式。

Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.③在介词past,beyond之后,动名词的主动形式表被动。Theoldwatchispastrepairing.

ThebeautyoftheWestLakeisreallybeyonddescribing.

(7)动名词的时态和语态

动名词也有其完成时态和被动语态，常见动名词做宾语时，说明动名词表示的动作先发生和逻辑被动主谓关系。例如：

Idon’trememberhavingbeengivenachancetohaveatry.DoyoumindJam’sbeingleftaloneathome?

HehasinsistedonhisbeingcalledDr.TurnerinsteadofMr.Turner.

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