试用期员工考评个人总结(V1)
试用期员工转正申请和个人总结
第一部分:个人基本信息
申请人姓名:何乐员工号:997531岗位/职位:部门/分部门:准备班直接经理:入职时间:201*.10.24第二部分:个人总结(含转正申请,请结合自己从事的岗位和实际工作情况,从以下几个方面进行总结)
一、知识和技术,包含工作所需的相关专业知识、理论水平等,工作所需的技术/技巧/业务熟练程度/经验等,知识面等方面:
本人专业知识不是很好,但求知欲强烈,肯学习。尽管在实践经验于工作技巧方面比较欠缺,但坚信在领导的悉心指导和同事的热情帮助下一定能够逐渐积累,逐步提高
二、能力。包含综合分析能力:分析问题、判断原因、通过调查/研究/推理/思考总结归纳具体对策/方法的能力,表达、协调能力:正确表达自己的意见,说服他人与自己协作配合,维持良好人际关系的能力(岗位不同,要求应不同),其它能力,如:谈判、社交、对新技术新产品的敏感性、思维周密性等(岗位不同,要求应不同)等方面:
本人思维慎密,沉着稳重,观察力敏锐,人缘好但口才能力不佳,处事客观,常为他人设身处地着想,热爱思考,尤其在协作意识方面比较自觉。不过由于实践经验不足的原因,在工作中遇到问题时,还需要各位领导和同事的热心教导
三、素质与潜力。包含身体素质,事业心:肯钻研、有进取心,学习能力特别是自学能力,是否具备积极、主动的学习精神等方面:
本人身体健康,积极上进,事业心强,爱工作,肯砖研,再学习能力好,恳请领导栽培
四、态度和成绩。工作主动性和责任心,完成工作情况,工作中是否具备协作精神等方面:
本人工作认真负责,具备良好的团队协作精神,在工作成绩方面希望更进一步,一方面回报领导及同事的厚爱,另一方面实现自我价值
申请人:何乐
日期:201*.2.
扩展阅读:RIP全集个人总结V1.5--U201*0420
RIP全集个人总结V1.5
目录
1.RIP基础部分----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1)ClassfulRouting/有类路由协议----------------------------------------------------------------12)ClasslessRouting/无类路由协议---------------------------------------------------------------13)RIP的信息类型-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24)在网络边界的自动汇总-------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.RIPTimersRIP的几个时间-------------------------------------------------------------------------------23.解决RIP中路由回环问题的机制-------------------------------------------------------------------------134.关于水平分割(Splithorizon)-----------------------------------------------------------------------135.RIP的基本配置:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------136.RIP的版本控制:默认情况运行v1-----------------------------------------------------------------------147.V1与V2的区别------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------158.运行RIP版本1的接口的收发原则:-------------------------------------------------------------------159.RIP的自动/手工汇总--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1610.RIP的单播更新:(Unicast-Update)/被动接口----------------------------------------------------1711.RIP的触发更新--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1912.RIPauthentication/RIP认证-------------------------------------------------------------------------201*.Offset-list/偏置列表,实现RIP路由的控制-----------------------------------------------------2114.RIP传递默认路由的5种方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------24
1.RIP基础部分
1)ClassfulRouting/有类路由协议
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
IGRP/RIPV1
1.在发送路由更新信息时,不携带子网掩码,无法描述路由条目的路由长度2.在主类的网络边界上,自动发生路由汇总
汇总到主类网络的默认的路由长度(自动汇总是无法关闭的)(不支持VLSM,只能汇总为A/B/C类).
3.由于上述原因,有类路由协议会产生"不连续子网"的路由通达性问题.
2)ClasslessRouting/无类路由协议
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIPV2的automaticsummary
1.不会对收到的明细路由进行汇总
2.对自己直连的路由进行汇总后,再通告出去.
3.把收到的明细路由放进路由表中,但会对明细路由进行汇总后再通告出去!
EIGRP的automaticsummary
1.不会对收到的明细路由进行汇总,
2.对自己直连的路由进行汇总后,再通告出去
3.把收到的明细路由放进路由表中,并且把收到的明细路由通告出去!
RIPv2/EIGRP/OSPF/IS-IS/BGPv4
1.在发送路由更新信息时,已经携带子网掩码.
2.支持VLSM,路由的手工/自动汇总,(可以关闭自动汇总)3.在部分先进的路由协议中,支持CIDR(超网)
备注:
ipclassless(在IOS为12.0以后的版本中,默认启动无类路由。)
3)RIP的信息类型
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIP通过UDP520号端口操作,RIP信息是被封装在UDP的segment中的。通常情况下,RIP有两种信息类型:
1、request(请求更新包):用于向相邻路由器发送一个更新的请求信息2、update(更新回应包):用于回应request信息
4)在网络边界的自动汇总
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DV协议默认会执行自动汇总,(RIP/IGRP/EIGRP)LS协议默认不执行自动汇总.(OSPF/ISIS)
2.RIPTimersRIP的几个时间
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
实验拓扑(以下实验操作均使用本拓扑):
R1(s1/1)--192.168.12.0/24--(s1/1)R2(s1/3)--192.168.23.0/24--(S1/3)R3
|||
Lo1Lo2Lo3
Updatetimer(更新时间)
1.RIP在启动后,每隔30S(default)从所有RIPInterface上向外发送update2.这个update包含了路由器中除了被splithorizon(水平分割)抑制的完整的路由表,3.update周期发送的时间间隔默认为(updatetimer)25.5秒到30秒之间(一个随机值)[异步更新];
RIP_JITTER是CiscoIOS中专有的一个随机变量,它缩短到一般更新时间的15%(即4.5s)。因此,在CISCO中的实际更新时间是上25.5~30秒之间
4.RIPV1,update的目标地址为255.255.255.255;RIPV2的为224.0.0.9
备注:jitter
[‘dit];n.(信号的)不稳定;跳[颤,抖]动实验说明:
基本配置:r1:
interfaceLoopback0
ipaddress1.1.1.1255.255.255.0interfaceSerial1/1
ipaddress192.168.12.1255.255.255.0routerrip
network1.0.0.0
network192.168.12.0r2:
interfaceSerial1/1
ipaddress192.168.12.2255.255.255.0interfaceSerial1/3
ipaddress192.168.23.2255.255.255.0routerrip
network192.168.12.0network192.168.23.0r3:
interfaceSerial1/3
ipaddress192.168.23.3255.255.255.0routerrip
network192.168.23.0
路由器R1:默认版本1的update情况
*Mar100:21:18.655:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar100:21:18.655:RIP:buildupdateentries-suppressingnullupdate*Mar100:21:25.363:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.2onSerial1/1*Mar100:21:25.367:192.168.23.0in1hops
r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/1
R192.168.23.0/24[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:26,Serial1/1
*Mar100:21:52.107:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.2onSerial1/1*Mar100:21:52.111:192.168.23.0in1hopsshiproute
配置为版本2,关闭auto-summary后R2的update情况
*Mar100:06:36.999:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar100:06:36.999:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar100:06:37.003:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar100:06:37.003:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/3(192.168.23.2)*Mar100:06:37.007:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar100:06:37.007:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar100:07:05.411:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar100:07:05.411:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar100:07:05.415:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar100:07:05.415:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/3(192.168.23.2)*Mar100:07:05.419:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar100:07:05.419:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
Invalidtimer(无效时间)
1.当有条目加入到路由表中时,该条目的invalidtimer就会初始化为180S;
2.如果路由器在invalidtimer内没有收到该条目的更新信息,那么它在超过180S后将会被标记为不可达,即16跳;
3.它的典型周期范围是3~6个update周期,无效时间在IOS中缺省是180秒
Holddowntimer(保持时间)
以下为开启holddown计时器的两种情况:1.180S,如果新收到的路由条目比原有的条目的metric值更大,那么原有的条目会进入一个长为180s的holddown状态;
2.无效计时器到期后,开启holddown计时器;在抑制计时器的时间内该条目标记为possibledown,直到计时器超时,路由器才可以接受有关此路由的更新信息原理:
该计时器的原理是引用一个怀疑量,不管是真的还是假的路由消息,路由器先认为是假消息来避免路由环路。如果在抑制计时器超时后还接受到该消息,那么这时路由器就认为该消息时真的。RIP中认为假的消息总是真不了,不长久
Flushtimer(刷新时间)
240S。但RFC1058中规定的是300S。如果超出240S,那么路由被标记为不可达,并从路由表中移除
实验说明:
r1#shipprotocolsRoutingProtocolis"rip"
Sendingupdatesevery30seconds,nextduein9secondsInvalidafter180seconds,holddown180,flushedafter240OutgoingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisnotsetIncomingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisnotsetRedistributing:rip
Defaultversioncontrol:sendversion1,receiveanyversionInterfaceSendRecvTriggeredRIPKey-chainSerial1/1112Loopback0112AutomaticnetworksummarizationisineffectMaximumpath:4RoutingforNetworks:1.0.0.0
192.168.12.0
RoutingInformationSources:
GatewayDistanceLastUpdate192.168.12.21201*:00:28Distance:(defaultis120)
通过开启debug观察路由表的变化情况:
r1#debugiproutingr1#debugiprip
在R1上,做访问列表,不接收来自R2的rip数据包:
r1(config)#access-list111denyudpanyanyeqripr1(config)#access-list111permitipanyanyr1(config-if)#ipaccess-group111in
r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0
R2.0.0.0/8[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:03:13,Serial1/1R3.0.0.0/8[120/2]via192.168.12.2,00:03:13,Serial1/1R192.168.23.0/24[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:03:13,Serial1/1
180S后来自R2路由条目,被宣告无效,hop=16跳(即invail计时器走完)
*Mar100:30:40.183:RT:deleterouteto2.0.0.0via192.168.12.2,ripmetric[120/1]*Mar100:30:40.183:RT:noroutesto2.0.0.0,enteringholddown
*Mar100:30:40.183:RT:deleterouteto3.0.0.0via192.168.12.2,ripmetric[120/2]*Mar100:30:40.183:RT:noroutesto3.0.0.0,enteringholddown
*Mar100:30:40.183:RT:deleterouteto192.168.23.0via192.168.12.2,ripmetric[120/1]*Mar100:30:40.183:RT:noroutesto192.168.23.0,enteringholddown
*Mar100:30:40.183:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar100:30:40.183:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:30:40.183:network1.0.0.0metric1*Mar100:30:40.183:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:40.183:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:40.183:network192.168.23.0metric16
*Mar100:30:40.183:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar100:30:40.183:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:30:40.183:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:40.183:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:40.183:network192.168.12.0metric1*Mar100:30:40.183:network192.168.23.0metric16
*Mar100:30:42.183:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar100:30:42.183:RIP:buildflashupdateentries*Mar100:30:42.187:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:42.187:network3.0.0.0metric16
*Mar100:30:42.187:network192.168.23.0metric16
*Mar100:30:42.191:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar100:30:42.191:RIP:buildflashupdateentries*Mar100:30:42.195:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:42.195:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar100:30:42.199:network192.168.23.0metric16
Holddown计时器开始,进入possibledown状态
r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0
R2.0.0.0/8ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.2,Serial1/1R3.0.0.0/8ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.2,Serial1/1R192.168.23.0/24ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.2,Serial1/1
R2的debug输出信息,如下:
*Mar100:30:02.051:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar100:30:02.055:1.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar100:30:18.687:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial1/3*Mar100:30:18.691:3.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar100:30:23.527:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar100:30:23.531:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:30:23.531:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar100:30:23.531:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar100:30:23.535:network192.168.23.0metric1
*Mar100:30:23.535:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/3(192.168.23.2)*Mar100:30:23.539:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:30:23.539:network1.0.0.0metric2*Mar100:30:23.539:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar100:30:23.539:network192.168.12.0metric1
*Mar100:30:23.539:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(2.2.2.2)*Mar100:30:23.539:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:30:23.539:network1.0.0.0metric2*Mar100:30:23.539:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar100:30:23.539:network192.168.12.0metric1*Mar100:30:23.539:network192.168.23.0metric1
*Mar100:30:27.727:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar100:30:27.731:1.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar100:30:27.731:2.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar100:30:27.731:3.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar100:30:27.735:192.168.23.0in16hops(inaccessible)
*Mar100:30:29.791:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar100:30:29.795:2.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)
*Mar100:30:29.795:3.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar100:30:29.799:192.168.23.0in16hops(inaccessible)
*Mar100:30:46.851:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial1/3*Mar100:30:46.855:3.0.0.0in1hops
R1中的Flush计时器到期后,删除不可达的路由:
【00:30:40.183------00:31:36.611;共计56.5左右,Invalidtimer后flush计时器到期】
*Mar100:31:36.611:RT:deletenetworkrouteto2.0.0.0*Mar100:31:36.611:RT:NET-RED2.0.0.0/8
*Mar100:31:36.615:RT:NET-REDqueued,Queuesize1*Mar100:31:36.615:RT:deletenetworkrouteto3.0.0.0*Mar100:31:36.619:RT:NET-RED3.0.0.0/8
*Mar100:31:36.619:RT:NET-REDqueued,Queuesize2*Mar100:31:36.623:RT:deletenetworkrouteto192.168.23.0*Mar100:31:36.623:RT:NET-RED192.168.23.0/24*Mar100:31:36.623:RT:NET-REDqueued,Queuesize3
*Mar100:31:36.627:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar100:31:36.627:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:31:36.631:network1.0.0.0metric1
*Mar100:31:36.631:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar100:31:36.635:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar100:31:36.635:network192.168.12.0metric1r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0
SleepTimer:(触发更新计时器)
1.单位毫秒!,其他计时器单位都是秒;
2.RIP使用带毒性逆转(poisonreverse)的水平分割(splithorizon)和触发更新。触发更新
只要在有路由的度量值发生改变时就会产生,而且触发更新不会引起接收路由器重置它们的更新计时器;因为如果这么做,网络拓扑的改变会造成触发更新“风暴”;3.还需使用另一个计时器,当一个触发更新传播时,这个计时器被随机的设置为1-5s
之间的数值;在这个计时器超时前不能发送并发的触发更新。
注意:
1.在rip的database里面invalidtimer时间180秒到了,就进入holddown180秒,Invalidtimer和Flushtimer同时开启的;
备注:
1.在holddowntimer开始的时候就开始对外发路由毒化的路由,即hop=16,收到这个路由的设备毒性反转,再发送hop=16回来(打破水平分割原则);holddown的存在理由就是为了使得全网的毒化路由接收一致,防止路由环路2.计时器总结
说明:Holddown计时器在无效计时器运行180s后,开启,也只运行60s后;与刷新时间一起清零参考文档
【修改四个计时器的值,重新观察收不到路由更新后的过程】
使用默认的时间,调试过程时间较长,修改timer计时器时间,使得调试结果跟明显
r1(config)#routerrip
r1(config-router)#timersbasic?
Intervalbetweenupdatesr1(config-router)#timersbasic5?Invalid
r1(config-router)#timersbasic510?Holddown
r1(config-router)#timersbasic51015?Flush
r1(config-router)#timersbasic5101520
r1#shipprotocolsRoutingProtocolis"rip"
Sendingupdatesevery5seconds,nextduein3secondsInvalidafter10seconds,holddown15,flushedafter20OutgoingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisnotsetIncomingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisnotsetRedistributing:rip……………r1(config)#ints1/1r1(config-if)#ipaccess
r1(config-if)#ipaccess-group111in
无效计时器10s过后,进入holddown计时器;
8r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0
R2.0.0.0/8[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:10,Serial1/1R3.0.0.0/8[120/2]via192.168.12.2,00:00:10,Serial1/1R192.168.23.0/24[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:10,Serial1/1r1#
*Mar103:02:13.255:RT:deleterouteto2.0.0.0via192.168.12.2,ripmetric[120/1]*Mar103:02:13.255:RT:noroutesto2.0.0.0,enteringholddown
*Mar103:02:13.259:RT:deleterouteto3.0.0.0via192.168.12.2,ripmetric[120/2]*Mar103:02:13.263:RT:noroutesto3.0.0.0,enteringholddown
*Mar103:02:13.263:RT:deleterouteto192.168.23.0via192.168.12.2,ripmetric[120/1]*Mar103:02:13.267:RT:noroutesto192.168.23.0,enteringholddown
*Mar103:02:13.271:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar103:02:13.271:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:02:13.271:network1.0.0.0metric1*Mar103:02:13.275:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:13.275:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:13.279:network192.168.23.0metric16
*Mar103:02:13.279:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar103:02:13.283:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:02:13.283:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:13.283:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:13.287:network192.168.12.0metric1*Mar103:02:13.287:network192.168.23.0metric16
同时路由表中显示从R2收的到的路由条目possiblydown
r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0
R2.0.0.0/8ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.2,Serial1/1R3.0.0.0/8ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.2,Serial1/1R192.168.23.0/24ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.2,Serial1/1
r1将从R2收到的路由条目进行毒化后,传播到其邻居R2
*Mar103:02:15.259:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)
*Mar103:02:15.259:RIP:buildflashupdateentries*Mar103:02:15.263:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:15.263:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:15.263:network192.168.23.0metric16
*Mar103:02:15.263:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar103:02:15.263:RIP:buildflashupdateentries
*Mar103:02:15.263:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:15.263:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:15.263:network192.168.23.0metric16r1#
*Mar103:02:17.759:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar103:02:17.763:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:02:17.763:network1.0.0.0metric1*Mar103:02:17.763:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:17.767:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:17.767:network192.168.23.0metric16
*Mar103:02:17.771:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar103:02:17.771:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:02:17.771:network2.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:17.775:network3.0.0.0metric16*Mar103:02:17.775:network192.168.12.0metric1*Mar103:02:17.779:network192.168.23.0metric16
R1中的Flush计时器到期后,删除不可达的路由:
【03:02:13.255------03:02:22.451;共计10s左右,Invalidtimer后flush计时器到期】
*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:deletenetworkrouteto2.0.0.0*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:NET-RED2.0.0.0/8
*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:NET-REDqueued,Queuesize1*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:deletenetworkrouteto3.0.0.0*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:NET-RED3.0.0.0/8
*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:NET-REDqueued,Queuesize2*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:deletenetworkrouteto192.168.23.0*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:NET-RED192.168.23.0/24*Mar103:02:22.451:RT:NET-REDqueued,Queuesize3
*Mar103:02:22.451:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar103:02:22.451:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:02:22.455:network1.0.0.0metric1
查看路由表,已无从R2学到的路由条目
r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0
R2从s1/1接口收到路由不可达的消息,及其发送的路由更新
*Mar103:56:07.875:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback0(2.2.2.2)*Mar103:56:07.879:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:56:07.879:network1.0.0.0metric2*Mar103:56:07.883:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar103:56:07.883:network192.168.12.0metric1*Mar103:56:07.883:network192.168.23.0metric1
*Mar103:56:08.063:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar103:56:08.063:1.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar103:56:08.067:2.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar103:56:08.067:3.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar103:56:08.067:192.168.23.0in16hops(inaccessible)
*Mar103:56:08.071:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial1/3*Mar103:56:08.071:3.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar103:56:10.051:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar103:56:10.051:2.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar103:56:10.051:3.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)*Mar103:56:10.055:192.168.23.0in16hops(inaccessible)
*Mar103:56:12.763:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar103:56:12.767:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:56:12.767:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar103:56:12.767:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar103:56:12.771:network192.168.23.0metric1……………
*Mar103:56:17.279:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar103:56:17.283:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar103:56:17.283:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar103:56:17.283:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar103:56:17.283:network192.168.23.0metric1
【观察holddowntimer作用:在计时器超时前,如收到正确的更新,也不会更新其路由表】拓扑:
1.1.1.0/24---(lo1)R1(S1)-----------(S1)R2(S0)----------(S0)R11.在R1/R2/R3上同时修改四个计时器值
R(config)#routerrip
R(config-router)#timersbasic103030100
2.在R2上开启debug信息
R2#debugiprip
RIPprotocoldebuggingisonR2#debugiproutingIProutingdebuggingison
3.在R1的S1上开启passive接口,阻止发送更新给R2,观察R2的debug信息
R1(config-router)#passive-interfaceserial1
跟进解说:
30s无效时间后,路由没收到更新,该路由条目进入possiblydown状态
R2的debug信息
02:23:39:RT:deleterouteto1.0.0.0via192.168.12.1,ripmetric[120/1]02:23:39:RT:noroutesto1.0.0.0,enteringholddown
02:23:39:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial0(192.168.23.2)02:23:39:RIP:buildupdateentries
02:23:39:network1.0.0.0metric16【路由中毒】02:23:39:network192.168.12.0metric1
02:23:39:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1(192.168.12.2)
02:23:39:RIP:buildupdateentries02:23:39:network1.0.0.0metric1602:23:39:network192.168.23.0metric1
02:23:39:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial0
02:23:39:1.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)【毒性逆转,打破水平分割原则】
R2的路由表信息,显示1.0.0.0此路由条目已进入possibledown状态
R2#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1
R1.0.0.0/8ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.1,Serial12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C2.2.2.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback2C192.168.23.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial0
4.R2进入possibledown状态,在R1的S1上立刻关闭passive接口,观察R2的debug信息
R1(config-router)#nopassive-interfaceserial1
R2收到路由正确的路由更新,但R2不将其写入路由表中,R2路由表中的1.0.0.0还是在possibledown:
R2#
02:23:59:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial002:23:59:1.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)
02:24:01:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial102:24:01:1.0.0.0in1hopsR2#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1
R1.0.0.0/8ispossiblydown,routingvia192.168.12.1,Serial12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C2.2.2.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback2C192.168.23.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial0
02:24:07:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial0(192.168.23.2)02:24:07:RIP:buildupdateentries02:24:07:network1.0.0.0metric1602:24:07:network192.168.12.0metric1
02:24:07:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1(192.168.12.2)02:24:07:RIP:buildupdateentries02:24:07:network1.0.0.0metric1602:24:07:network192.168.23.0metric1
02:24:07:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial002:24:07:1.0.0.0in16hops(inaccessible)
02:24:10:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial102:24:10:1.0.0.0in1hops
02:24:10:RT:1.0.0.0cameoutofholddown【holddowntimer超时,正确的路由写入路由表】02:24:10:RT:add1.0.0.0/8via192.168.12.1,ripmetric[120/1]
【02:23:39-----02:24:10,约30s左右,才将正确的路由信息,写入路由表中】
3.解决RIP中路由回环问题的机制~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIP是一个基于流言的路由协议,属于距离矢量路由协议。它容易产生路由环路,为了解决路由回环问题,RIP定义了七种机制:1、最大跳数(Maxhop-count)2、水平分割(splithorizon)3、路由毒化
4、毒性翻转(poisonreverse)5、抑制时间(holddown-timer)6、触发更新(triggeredupdate)
7、异步更新[更新时间是一个25.5s--30s之间的随机值]
RIP的metric是基于跳数(hop-count)的。有两个敏感值:15,16。
15跳是边缘跳数,是一个极限值;而16跳就是死亡跳数,它代表不可达。
4.关于水平分割(Splithorizon)
1、对于一个路由器,路由信息从一个接口进入后,不能再从这个接口发出(但可以从别的接口发出)
2、适用于哪些协议:
只适用于DV协议,不适用于LS协议。实验说明:
*Mar104:12:01.626:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar104:12:01.630:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar104:12:01.630:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar104:12:01.630:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar104:12:01.634:network192.168.23.0metric1
*Mar104:12:01.634:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/3(192.168.23.2)*Mar104:12:01.638:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar104:12:01.638:network1.0.0.0metric2*Mar104:12:01.638:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar104:12:01.642:network192.168.12.0metric1………………
*Mar104:12:13.374:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar104:12:13.378:1.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar104:12:14.950:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom192.168.23.3onSerial1/3*Mar104:12:14.954:3.0.0.0in1hops
5.RIP的基本配置:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
R3#shrun|bripR1(config)#routerrip
R1(config-router)#network13.0.0.0R1(config-router)#network172.168.0.0
(宣告与本路由直接相连的网络,只需要宣告其主类网络)
debugiprip(察看RIP的路由信息的收发)
showiprouterip(察看从RIP学到的路由信息)undebugall(关闭所有的Debug)
6.RIP的版本控制:默认情况运行v1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
showipprotocols(查看RIP的版本控制)在未指定版本时,RIP的默认版本是:发1,收1/2指定V1:发1收1指定V2:发2收2.
在全局配置,对所有接口生效:R1(config)#routerrip
R1(config-routing)#version1R1(config-routing)#version2
对特定接口,指定RIP版本,(接口的优先级一般比全局要高)interfaceserial0
ipripsendversion1/2ipripreceiveversion1/2
实验举例:R1的配置:
interfaceSerial1/1
ipripreceiveversion1R2的配置:routerripversion2
R1上的debug信息输出:
*Mar104:38:19.122:RIP:ignoredv2packetfrom192.168.12.2(illegalversion)
R2的debug信息输出:
*Mar104:40:41.998:RIP:ignoredv1packetfrom192.168.23.3(illegalversion)*Mar104:40:49.218:RIP:ignoredv1packetfrom192.168.12.1(illegalversion)*Mar104:40:51.194:RIP:ignoredv1packetfrom192.168.12.1(illegalversion)*Mar104:40:58.362:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar104:40:58.362:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar104:40:58.366:1.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric16,tag0*Mar104:40:58.366:2.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar104:40:58.370:3.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric16,tag0*Mar104:40:58.370:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
7.V1与V2的区别
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
V1:不携带子网掩码,不携带下一跳信息,用播地址(255.255.255.255)发送路由更新.V2:携带子网掩码,携带下一跳信息,用组播地址(224.0.0.9)发送路由更新.
实验说明:
r1(config)#routerrip
r1(config-router)#version2
r1(config-router)#noauto-summary
*Mar104:27:41.262:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar104:27:41.262:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar104:27:41.266:1.1.1.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar104:27:41.266:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaLoopback0(1.1.1.1)*Mar104:27:41.270:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar104:27:41.270:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar104:27:41.278:RIP:ignoredv2packetfrom1.1.1.1(sourcedfromoneofouraddresses)
R2配置不变
*Mar104:28:52.494:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar104:28:52.498:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar104:28:52.498:network2.0.0.0metric1*Mar104:28:52.498:network3.0.0.0metric2*Mar104:28:52.502:network192.168.23.0metric1
*Mar104:28:52.502:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial1/3(192.168.23.2)*Mar104:28:52.506:RIP:buildupdateentries*Mar104:28:52.506:network1.0.0.0metric2*Mar104:28:52.510:network2.0.0.0metric1
8.运行RIP版本1的接口的收发原则:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RIP版本1中,发送update中的条目不带子网掩码(因为它是有类的路由协议),为了保证掩码相同,在发送条目之前要进行是否发送的判断
发送方的判断:
发送端口判断是否属于水平分割是:不发判断过程否:发送备注防止路由环路的一个方法子网划分的长度一样则发生比较要发送的条目和发送端主类地址相同:掩码相同:发送口的主类网络比较掩码掩码不同:1.不发送不支持VLSM,因为2./32位主机路由则法classful主类地址不相同:汇总成主类网络发送接收方的判断:
接收端口判断判断过程备注比较收到的条目和接收端口相同:用接收端口的掩码填充该条目不支持VLSM的主类地址不同:用收到条目的主类地址的掩码填充该条目掩码9.RIP的自动/手工汇总
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~自动汇总
RIPv1/v2,在网络边界都会发生自动汇总,汇总到其主类网络的默认路由长度。
A:5.0.0.0/8B:128.5.0.0/16C:192.5.5.0/24
实验举例:【R1/R2/R3都启用RIPv2,启用自动汇总】
R2在网络23.0.0.0和192.168.12.0的边界上,进行自动汇总
*Mar105:04:37.238:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar105:04:37.242:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar105:04:37.242:2.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar105:04:37.246:3.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar105:04:37.246:23.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
RIPv2可以关闭自动汇总R2#
routerrip
noauto-summary
R3上,就有了明细路由
手工汇总
在需要进行路由汇总的出接口:
R3(config-if)#ipsummary-addressrip172.168.0.0255.255.192.0
对比:RIP与EIGRP的汇总
R3(config-if)#IPsummary-addressrip172.168.0.0255.255.192.0R172.168.0.0/18
在运行RIP的接口中进行手工汇总,把汇总后的结果从接口通告出去
R1(config-if)#ipsummary-addresseigrp90172.16.0.0255.255.248.0在运行EIGRP的接口中进行手工汇总,把汇总后的结果从接口通告出去
实验举例:
【R1/R2/R3都启用RIPv2,R1关闭自动汇总,r2/r3启用自动汇总,在R1的S1/1手工汇总】R1配置如下:
interfaceSerial1/1
ipaddress192.168.12.1255.255.255.0
ipsummary-addressrip1.1.0.0255.255.252.0
R1的debug信息如下:
*Mar105:32:31.886:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.1)*Mar105:32:31.890:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar105:32:31.890:1.1.0.0/22via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar105:32:31.894:1.1.4.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar105:32:31.894:1.1.5.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
R1路由表如下:
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,5subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0C1.1.2.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback2C1.1.3.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback3C1.1.4.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback4C1.1.5.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback5
R2.0.0.0/8[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:09,Serial1/1R3.0.0.0/8[120/2]via192.168.12.2,00:00:09,Serial1/1R23.0.0.0/8[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:09,Serial1/1
R2路由表如下:
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/8isvariablysubnetted,4subnets,3masks
R1.1.0.0/22[120/1]via192.168.12.1,00:00:13,Serial1/1R1.0.0.0/8[120/1]via192.168.12.1,00:01:39,Serial1/1R1.1.4.0/24[120/1]via192.168.12.1,00:00:13,Serial1/1R1.1.5.0/24[120/1]via192.168.12.1,00:00:13,Serial1/12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C2.2.2.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback0R3.0.0.0/8[120/1]via23.1.1.3,00:00:08,Serial1/323.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C23.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/3
10.RIP的单播更新:(Unicast-Update)/被动接口(适用于物理链路上,无法支持广播/组播流量的情况)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~被动接口(只接收不发送):
让需要进行单播更新的接口,不再发送广播/组播的路由更新信息.1-1:需要PASS的接口很少时:
R2(config-router)#passive-interfaceserial0(让特定一个接口不再发送广播/组播的路由更新.)
1-2:需要pass的接口很多时:
R1(config-router)#passive-interfacedefault
(让所有接口都不发送广播/组播的路由更新.=(passiveallinterface)
R1(config-router)#nopassive-interfaceserial0(单独让一个接口可以发送广播/组播更新)
让已经Pass的接口,发送单播的路由更新.R1(config-router)#neighbor12.0.0.2
R2(config-router)#neighbor12.0.0.1(对方的IP)
debugiprip(察看RIP路由的收发情况)
实验举例:
r2(config)#routerrip
r2(config-router)#passive-interfaceserial1/3
*Mar107:45:24.074:RIP:receivedv2updatefrom23.1.1.3onSerial1/3*Mar107:45:24.078:3.3.3.0/24via0.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar107:45:26.082:RIP:sendingv2flashupdateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar107:45:26.082:RIP:buildflashupdateentries
*Mar107:45:26.082:3.3.3.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
*Mar107:45:26.082:RIP:sendingv2flashupdateto224.0.0.9viaLoopback0(2.2.2.2)*Mar107:45:26.082:RIP:buildflashupdateentries
*Mar107:45:26.082:3.3.3.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
*Mar107:45:26.086:RIP:ignoredv2packetfrom2.2.2.2(sourcedfromoneofouraddresses)*Mar107:45:26.282:RIP:receivedv2updatefrom192.168.12.1onSerial1/1*Mar107:45:26.286:1.1.0.0/22via0.0.0.0in1hops*Mar107:45:26.290:1.1.4.0/24via0.0.0.0in1hops*Mar107:45:26.290:1.1.5.0/24via0.0.0.0in1hops
*Mar107:45:28.290:RIP:sendingv2flashupdateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar107:45:28.290:RIP:buildflashupdateentries-suppressingnullupdate*Mar107:45:28.294:RIP:sendingv2flashupdateto224.0.0.9viaLoopback0(2.2.2.2)*Mar107:45:28.298:RIP:buildflashupdateentries
*Mar107:45:28.298:1.1.0.0/22via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:28.298:1.1.4.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:28.302:1.1.5.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
*Mar107:45:28.310:RIP:ignoredv2packetfrom2.2.2.2(sourcedfromoneofouraddresses)*Mar107:45:49.066:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/1(192.168.12.2)*Mar107:45:49.066:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar107:45:49.066:2.2.2.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:3.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:3.3.3.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:23.1.1.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar107:45:49.066:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaLoopback0(2.2.2.2)*Mar107:45:49.066:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar107:45:49.066:1.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:1.1.0.0/22via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
*Mar107:45:49.066:1.1.4.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:1.1.5.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:3.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:3.3.3.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:23.1.1.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar107:45:49.066:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
*Mar107:45:49.066:RIP:ignoredv2packetfrom2.2.2.2(sourcedfromoneofouraddresses)*Mar107:45:50.742:RIP:receivedv2updatefrom23.1.1.3onSerial1/3*Mar107:45:50.746:3.3.3.0/24via0.0.0.0in1hops
r2(config-router)#neighbor23.1.1.3
*Mar107:46:42.674:RIP:sendingv2updateto23.1.1.3viaSerial1/3(23.1.1.2)*Mar107:46:42.674:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar107:46:42.674:1.0.0.0/8via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:46:42.674:1.1.0.0/22via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:46:42.674:1.1.4.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:46:42.674:1.1.5.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar107:46:42.674:2.2.2.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar107:46:42.674:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0
11.RIP的触发更新
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~注意:
1,触发更新只能配置在串口下R3(config)#ints1/3
R3(config-if)#ipriptriggered
2.配置上触发更新后,holddowntimer标志为0,表示永不超时,路由永不被删除Router#shipprotocolsRoutingProtocolis"rip"
Sendingupdatesevery30seconds,nextduein17secondsInvalidafter180seconds,holddown0,flushedafter240………………
RoutingforNetworks:192.168.23.0
RoutingInformationSources:
GatewayDistanceLastUpdate192.168.23.21201*:09:06Distance:(defaultis120)
3.启用触发更新,链路两边路由器都要配置触发更新;因为这个需要协商,否则有问题R2(config)#ints1/3
R2(config-if)#ipriptriggeredR3(config)#ints1/3
R3(config-if)#ipriptriggered
194.启用触发更后,路由更新时是增量更新,只从启用了触发更新的接口,发送一次。R3(config)#intlo2
R3(config-if)#ipadd33.33.33.0
r3(config)#routerrip
r3(config-router)#net33.0.0.0r3(config-router)#
*Mar100:15:49.947:RIP:sendingrequestonLoopback2to255.255.255.255*Mar100:15:51.947:RIP:sendv1triggeredupdateto192.168.23.2onSerial1/3*Mar100:15:51.947:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar100:15:51.947:route8:network33.0.0.0metric1
*Mar100:15:51.947:RIP:Updatecontains1routes,start8,end8*Mar100:15:51.947:RIP:startretransmittimerof192.168.23.2
*Mar100:15:51.951:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255viaLoopback2(33.33.33.3)
*Mar100:15:51.951:RIP:buildflashupdateentries-suppressingnullupdate*Mar100:15:52.071:RIP:receivedv1triggeredackfrom192.168.23.2onSerial1/3
12.RIPauthentication/RIP认证
(保证RIP路由网络,路由信息交换的安全性)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~明文认证原则:
1.只发送最小keyid2.不携带keyid
3.接收方会自己的所有密匙进行比较,如果相同的密匙,则接受路由
密文认证原则:
1.只发送最小的keyid2.携带keyid,
3.接收方对比收到的keyid
1)有相同的keyid,比较看密钥是否相同,相同则接受对方的路由,不同则不接受2)没有相同keyid,只往下比较一次,相同则接受对方的路由,不同则不接受
总结:rip的路由要分开考虑,我发送出去的密钥如果对方认证通过,那么对方就给我发送路由。所以会有单边路由的情况。
Step1:在全局模式,配置KEY-CHAIN:
R1/2/3(config)#keychainccnp(自定义的名称)
R1/2/3(config-keychain)#key1(若有多个值/1、2、3,默认发最小的那个)R1/2/3(config-keychain-key)#key-stringcisco(密码)
step2:在接口中,调用keychain:
R1/R2(config-if)#ipripauthenticationkey-chainCCNP
Step3:在接口中,选择认证类型:(明文/密文),默认明文,认证方式两边必须一样R1/2(config-if)#ipripauthenticationmodetext(明文)R1/2(config-if)#ipripauthenticationmodemd5(密文)
13.Offset-list/偏置列表,实现RIP路由的控制~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RIP的等价的负载均衡:
实验拓扑:
R6(1/3)(1/3)R1(s1/1)--192.168.12.0/24--(1/1)R2(1/3)--192.168.23.0/24---(S1/3)R3|(F0/0)-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------(F0/0)|Lo1Lo33
要点提示:
通过offset-list,实现RIP中的不等价网络拓扑中的,等价负载均衡默认:RIP不支持非等价负载均衡
Offset-list出方向的路由控制(出口的偏置,只影响下游路由器,不影响本机)R1配置
access-list10permit33.33.33.00.0.0.255//通过ACL定义需要控制的路由routerrip
offset-list10out4Serial1/3
r1#shipripdatabase1.0.0.0/8auto-summary
1.1.1.0/24directlyconnected,Loopback133.0.0.0/8auto-summary33.33.33.0/24
[1]via192.168.13.3,00:00:02,FastEthernet0/0192.168.12.0/24auto-summary
192.168.12.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/1192.168.13.0/24auto-summary
192.168.13.0/24directlyconnected,FastEthernet0/0192.168.16.0/24auto-summary
192.168.16.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/3192.168.23.0/24auto-summary192.168.23.0/24
[1]via192.168.13.3,00:00:02,FastEthernet0/0[1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:21,Serial1/1
R6#shipripdatabase1.0.0.0/8auto-summary
1.1.1.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:01,Serial1/333.0.0.0/8auto-summary33.33.33.0/24
[6]via192.168.16.1,00:00:01,Serial1/3192.168.12.0/24auto-summary192.168.12.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:01,Serial1/3192.168.13.0/24auto-summary192.168.13.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:01,Serial1/3192.168.16.0/24auto-summary
192.168.16.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/3192.168.23.0/24auto-summary192.168.23.0/24
[2]via192.168.16.1,00:00:01,Serial1/3
出口的偏置,只影响下游路由器,不影响本机;R1的debug输出结果
*Mar103:05:35.771:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/3(192.168.16.1)
*Mar103:05:35.771:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar103:05:35.775:1.1.1.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:33.33.33.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric6,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.13.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
*Mar103:05:35.775:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaLoopback1(1.1.1.1)
*Mar103:05:35.775:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar103:05:35.775:33.33.33.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.13.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.16.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar103:05:35.775:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
Offset-list入方向的路由控制(入口的偏置,本机和下游路由器都受影响)R1配置
access-list10permit33.33.33.00.0.0.255//通过ACL定义需要控制的路由routerrip
offset-list10in2FastEthernet0/0offset-list10in1Serial1/1
正常情况下R1的rip路由信息数据库r1#shipripdatabase
1.0.0.0/8auto-summary
1.1.1.0/24directlyconnected,Loopback133.0.0.0/8auto-summary33.33.33.0/24
[3]via192.168.12.2,00:00:15,Serial1/1
[3]via192.168.13.3,00:00:00,FastEthernet0/0192.168.12.0/24auto-summary
192.168.12.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/1192.168.13.0/24auto-summary
192.168.13.0/24directlyconnected,FastEthernet0/0192.168.16.0/24auto-summary
192.168.16.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/3192.168.23.0/24auto-summary192.168.23.0/24
[1]via192.168.13.3,00:00:00,FastEthernet0/0[1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:15,Serial1/1
影响下游路由器和本机,R1的debug输出信息如下:
*Mar102:18:55.195:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaSerial1/3(192.168.16.1)*Mar102:18:55.199:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar102:18:55.199:1.1.1.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar102:18:55.203:33.33.33.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric4,tag0*Mar102:18:55.203:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar102:18:55.207:192.168.13.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar102:18:55.207:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0
*Mar102:18:55.211:RIP:sendingv2updateto224.0.0.9viaLoopback1(1.1.1.1)*Mar102:18:55.211:RIP:buildupdateentries
*Mar102:18:55.215:33.33.33.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric4,tag0*Mar102:18:55.215:192.168.12.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar102:18:55.219:192.168.13.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar102:18:55.219:192.168.16.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric1,tag0*Mar102:18:55.223:192.168.23.0/24via0.0.0.0,metric2,tag0正常情况下R6的rip路由信息数据库Router#shipripdatabase1.0.0.0/8auto-summary1.1.1.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:22,Serial1/333.0.0.0/8auto-summary33.33.33.0/24
[2]via192.168.16.1,00:00:22,Serial1/3192.168.12.0/24auto-summary192.168.12.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:22,Serial1/3192.168.13.0/24auto-summary192.168.13.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:22,Serial1/3192.168.16.0/24auto-summary
192.168.16.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/3192.168.23.0/24auto-summary192.168.23.0/24
[2]via192.168.16.1,00:00:22,Serial1/3
影响下游路由器,查看R6的rip路由信息数据库R6#shipripdatabase
1.0.0.0/8auto-summary1.1.1.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:11,Serial1/333.0.0.0/8auto-summary33.33.33.0/24
[4]via192.168.16.1,00:00:11,Serial1/3192.168.12.0/24auto-summary192.168.12.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:11,Serial1/3192.168.13.0/24auto-summary192.168.13.0/24
[1]via192.168.16.1,00:00:11,Serial1/3192.168.16.0/24auto-summary
192.168.16.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/3192.168.23.0/24auto-summary192.168.23.0/24
[2]via192.168.16.1,00:00:11,Serial1/3
14.RIP传递默认路由的5种方法
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
拓扑:
|----------------------RIP------------|--------ISP网络------------------||
Lo1--R1(s1/1)--192.168.12.0/24---(s1/1)R2(s1/3)--192.168.23.0/24---(S1/3)R3||在一个单出口网络内部运行RIP协议,在网络出口处的路由器需要向RIP域内传播一条默认路由,这样,域内的路由器就可以通过默认路由访问外部网络。
通过RIP传递默认路由共有5种方法:
1.使用default-informationoriginate;配置动态路由协议,向区域内产生一条缺省路由
2.手工写一条默认路由(到NULL0)然后重分布到RIP中;3.手工写一条默认路由(到NULL0)在进程中宣告;4.使用ipdefault-network;
配置路由器的缺省网关,当关闭路由器的路由转发功能时,此网关做为对外通信的缺省网关;
1)ipdefault-network后要跟地址的主类网络2)要在进程中通告该网络3)确保本地有该条路由
5.在接口汇总0.0.0.0/0到NULL0的路由【要在版本2下】
在R1/R2启用RIP协议,R2的S1/3到R3的S1/3模拟成ISP网络
【路由器基本配置】R1
interfaceLoopback1
ipaddress1.1.1.1255.255.255.0interfaceSerial1/1
ipaddress192.168.12.1255.255.255.0routerripversion2
network1.0.0.0
network192.168.12.0noauto-summary
------------------R2
interfaceLoopback2
ipaddress2.2.2.2255.255.255.0interfaceSerial1/3
ipaddress192.168.23.2255.255.255.0clockrate56000interfaceSerial1/1
ipaddress192.168.12.2255.255.255.0clockrate56000
routerripversion2
network2.0.0.0
network192.168.12.0noauto-summary
iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0Serial0
------------------R3
interfaceLoopback3
ipaddress3.3.3.3255.255.255.0interfaceSerial1/3
ipaddress192.168.23.3255.255.255.0iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0192.168.23.2
在没传递默认路由前的路由表:r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback1
r2#shiproute
Gatewayoflastresortis0.0.0.0tonetwork0.0.0.0
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
R1.1.1.0[120/1]via192.168.12.1,00:00:05,Serial1/12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C2.2.2.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback2C192.168.23.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/3S*0.0.0.0/0isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/3
r3#shiproute
3.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C3.3.3.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback3C192.168.23.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/3S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via192.168.23.2
方法1:default-informationoriginateR2:routerripversion2
network192.168.12.0
default-informationoriginatenoauto-summary
Router#shiproute
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-BGPC192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
R2.2.2.0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:06,Serial1/1R*0.0.0.0/0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:06,Serial1/
方法2:默认路由重分布到RIP中r2(config)#routerrip
r2(config-router)#redistributestaticmetric2
r2(config)#iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0Serial0(必须是出接口,否则不传递默认路由)r1#shiproute
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
R2.2.2.0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:00,Serial1/1R*0.0.0.0/0[120/2]via192.168.12.2,00:00:00,Serial1/1
r1#ping3.3.3.3
Typeescapesequencetoabort.
Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto3.3.3.3,timeoutis2seconds:!!!!!
Successrateis100percent(5/5),round-tripmin/avg/max=60/97/144ms
方法3:默认路由在进程中宣告r2(config)#routerrip
r2(config-router)#network0.0.0.0
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
R2.2.2.0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:23,Serial1/1R*0.0.0.0/0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:23,Serial1/1
方法4:使用ipdefault-network
r2(config)#ipdefault-network192.168.23.0
R2:
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
R1.1.1.0[120/1]via192.168.12.1,00:00:21,Serial1/12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C2.2.2.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback2C*192.168.23.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/3S*0.0.0.0/0isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/3
R1:
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback12.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
R2.2.2.0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:10,Serial1/1
R192.168.23.0/24[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:10,Serial1/1R*0.0.0.0/0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:10,Serial1/1
方法5:在接口汇总0.0.0.0/0到NULL0的路由【要在版本2下】r2(config)#ints1/1
r2(config-if)#ipsummary-addressrip0.0.0.00.0.0.0r2(config-router)#redistributeconnected
C192.168.12.0/24isdirectlyconnected,Serial1/11.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets
C1.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback1
R*0.0.0.0/0[120/1]via192.168.12.2,00:00:11,Serial1/1
R2:
Router#shipripdatabase0.0.0.0/0int-summary1.0.0.0/8auto-summary1.1.1.0/24
[1]via192.168.12.1,00:00:08,Serial1/12.0.0.0/8auto-summary
2.2.2.0/24directlyconnected,Loopback2192.168.12.0/24auto-summary
192.168.12.0/24directlyconnected,Serial1/1192.168.23.0/24auto-summary192.168.23.0/24redistributed[1]via0.0.0.0,Router#
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