英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学
一、名词解释
第一课
1.Synchronic共时性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.\\Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.
2.Langue语言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.
4.Arbitrariness任意性:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.第二课
1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
2.Allophone音位变体:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
3.Minimalpair最小对立体:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第三课
1.Morphology形态学:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2.Derivationalmorphemes派生词素:Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled…
3.Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.第四课
1.Syntax语法句法:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
2.Syntacticcategories句法范畴:Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.
3.Deepstructure深层结构:FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureorD-structure.
4.Surfacestructure表层结构:Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.第五课
1.Reference指称:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
2.Homonymy同音异义:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
3.Hyponymy上下义关系:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.第六课
1.Pragmatics语用学:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
2.Utterance话语:asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.
3.Utterancemeaning话语意义:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.4.Illocutionaryact言外行为:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.
二、简答题
第一课
1．Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?
Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Itdescribesindividualspeechsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.
Phonology:Itstudiesthewaysinwhichthesesoundsformpatternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.
Morphology:AfieldoflinguisticsfocusedonthestudyoftheformsandformationofwordsinalanguageSyntax:Asetofrulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandsentences.Pragmatics:thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinasocialcontext.2．Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?
Theimportantcharacteristicswhichshouldbeincludedinagooddefinitionoflanguageareseparately:systematic,arbitraryandvocal.
Firstofall,languageisasystem.Ithasitsownsetofrulesforpeopletoabideby,orpeoplewillusethelanguageinawrongway.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.
3．WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?
1)Arbitrariness:nonatural/motivated/logicalrelationshipbetweenthesignandwhatthesignstandsfor.2)Productivity:providesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingnovelmessages.
3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstuctures,ortwolevels.4)Displacement:canbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture5)Culturaltransmission
第二课
1.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemore
interestedinthedifferentbetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aphoneticianoraphilologist?Why?语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?
Phoneticsdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.
Phonologydescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.
Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.
2.Whatisphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?
Phoneisaphoneticunit,ithasnomeaning.
Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwithdistinctivevalue.
Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasdark/l-/andclear/l/,whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.
第三课
1.Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaningandspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.
Suffix:-ingMeaning:denotingaverbalaction,aninstanceofthis,oritsresultStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:fighting:denotetheactionofbattlebuilding:denotetheactionofconstructionSuffix:-ableMeaning:abletobeStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:avoidable:abletobepreventedfromcalculable:abletobemeasuredorassessedSuffix:-ist
Meaning:denotingamemberofaprofessionorbusinessactivityStemtype:addedtonouns
Examples:dramatist:apersonwhowritesplays
dentist:apersonwhotreatstheteethdisease
2.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.
1)prefix:un-
meaning:denotingtheabsenceofaqualityorstate;notstemtype:addedtonouns
examples:unacademic:notadoptingorcharacteristicofascholarlyapproachorlanguageunhappy:nothappy2)prefix:anti-
meaning:opposedto;againststemtype:addedtonouns
examples:anti-abortion:opposingorlegislatingagainstmedicallyinducedabortionanti-art:againstthetraditionalart3)prefix:re-
meaning:oncemore;afresh;anewstemtype:addedtoverbs
examples:restart:startoncemore
reaccustom:accustom(someone)tosomethingagain
第五课
1.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?并举例
1)dialectalsynonyms-----synonymsusedindifferentregional2)Stylisticsynonyms:synonymsdifferinginstyle
3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning4)Collocationalsynonyms:whatwordstheygotogetherwith
5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms:differfromthewordsthemselves
2.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.
Homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.Whentowwordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.Theexamplesareasfollowed:
Homophones:rain/reignnight/knightpiece/peaceHomographs:bowv./bown.tearv./tearn.Completehomonyms:fastadj./fastv.
Polysemy:whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.Themorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.Forexample,thewordtablehasatleastsixmeaningswhenwelookitupinthedictionary:
1.apieceoffurniture
2.allthepeopleseatedatatable3.thefoodthatisputonatable
4.athinflatpieceofstone,mental,wood,etc5.orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc
6.partofamachine-toolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedon
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachother.Forexample,
Superordiante:flower
Hyponyms:rose,tulip,carnation,lily,morninggolory
第六课
1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?
答：Generallyspeaking,pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginthecontext.Itstudiesmeaninginadynamicwayandasaprocess.Inordertohaveasuccessfulcommunication,thespeakerandhearermusttakethecontextintotheirconsiderationsoastoeffecttherightmeaningandintention.Thedevelopmentandestablishmentpragmaticsin1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudysemantics.However,itisdifferentfromthetraditionalsemantics.Themajordifferencebetweenthemliesinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaninginadynamicway,whilesemanticsstudiesmeaninginastaticway.Pragmaticstakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsdoesnot.Pragmaticstakescareoftheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.2.WhatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechactsSearlehasspecified?Whatistheillocutionarypointofeachtype?
答：(1)representatives:statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue
(2)directives:tryingtogetthehearertodosomething
(3)commissives:committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction(4)expressives:expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexisting
(5)declarations:bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething
Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething"sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid,inotherwords,whenperforminganillocutionaryactofrepresentative,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,sweating,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.
Directivesateattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosome-thing.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,wanting,threateningandorderingareallspecificinstancesofthisclass.
Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction,i.e.whenspeakingthespeakerputshimselfunderacertainobligation.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalones.
Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsorattitudestowardsanexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.
Thelastclass“declarations”hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.3.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?
答：CooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:
Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.
Tobemorespecific,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:(1)Themaximofquantity
①Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).②Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.(2)Themaximofquality
①Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
②Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.(3)ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.
(4)Themaximofmanner
①Avoidobscurityofexpression.②Avoidambiguity.
③Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).
④Beorderly.
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