120通信调度的现状和展望

120通信调度的现状和展望

120通信调度的现状和展望

江苏省医院协会急救医疗中心（站）分会通信调度专业组

通信调度作为急救中心实施院前急救的三大部门之一，不仅要受理日常120电话、调度急救单元，还要负责完成与110应急联动、发布领导命令、监控急救过程等诸多任务，长期以来，这种责任重节奏快压力大的工作性质，对调度员身心健康有较大的影响。今天，我们收集了省内12家地市级急救中心通信调度方面资料，汇总后提交本次会议。

人才篇

目前，全省12个地级市急救中心共有调度人员110名，其中男41女69；35岁以下79名，35岁以上31名；大专以上学历78名，占71.8%;在已知的82人中，具有医疗相关学历44名，占53.7%，其他为计算机相关学历20名，管理相关学历11名，会计5名。各中心具体情况见下图。

各中心调度人员平均年龄学历分布图5045403532.833.63025201*1050833930103693100097034.33125.430.229.731.127.446.640.232.9平均年龄大专以上医疗计算机733670631623321741南京无锡常州镇江南通扬州泰州盐城淮安宿迁徐州连云港

“思贤若渴，唯才是举”，急救事业要发展，必须重视人才建设。在以青年为主的调度群体中，58.1%（64/110）是拥有医疗或计算机学历的人才，他（她）们中包含120通信方面的专家、急救调度标兵且年龄多在35岁以下，是调度事业发展的人才基石，迫切需要各地各级领导关心培养和帮助。但我们也发现①调度人员学历成份复杂多样,不但有医疗计算机和管理类还有学工程及高中毕业，好像什么样的人都可以做，从业人员没有统一的准入标准造成人员思维特征社会能力参差不齐严重制约了事业的发展，望各地能像医师驾驶一样尽早制定一套从业人员准入门槛；②近1/2还没有进入本单位事业编制，有些单位调度岗位一个也没有正式工，试想一下让临时工单独指挥调度万一有重大失误谁来承担责任？我们建议在编制紧张的情况下，至少每班次安排一名正式工作为组长全面负责本班工作；③我们汇总了各地调度的考核和收入（见下表），发现待遇普遍比医生驾驶员低，有些甚至接近当地城市最低工资标准，这成为留住人才最大障碍，望各单位能让我们的收入向医驾看齐；④如前述因为准入门槛低，调度就成为各种关系户人员最多的岗位，有的只是一时找不到工作来过渡一下，这就为管理和人才培养埋下隐患。

城市南京无锡常州镇江南通扬州泰州盐城淮安宿迁徐州连云港考核收入方法平均奖金月固定工资+有效调度数*1+年限工资工资+奖金+中夜班费+有效电话的提成固定工资和平均奖金工资+按120接通率计算出的奖金底薪+提成工资加奖金工资+绩效（系数0.5）+成功调度1元/趟人事部门审核固定工资基本工资+绩效工资平均奖的75%收入均数150015001500100010001500310019001201*5001650201*调度篇

调度工作从专业层面上看常态下是120指挥中心，非常态下是紧急医疗救援指挥中心；从应用层面上看承担120受理、指挥调度、协调合作、信息汇集、通讯联络、监测预警职责；从技术层面上看是信息平台、指挥平台、通讯平台和管理平台。这样重要的工作职责就对调度自身提出了很高的要求，但我们通过调查发现作为社会一份子的他（她）们却承受了外界难以理解的压力。这里选取各中心调度人均工作量（见下图），对比发现南京无锡常州淮安徐州的各班次人均要接100次以上急救电话，派15次以上车，工作量比其他市大；抽样调查发现80%对现在工作满意并想长期从事该工作，92%的认为调度工作应该在急救链中处于中枢、龙头角色；领导对调度工作的关心程度，却有72%回答口头上重视或不重视；100%对骚扰电话习以为常，精神压力胜过体力劳累；对来自领导的压力、一线出救人员的刁难感到困惑；对自己的付出和收入不成正比感到无奈。

各中心调度人均工作量1801601401201*0806040201*323010无锡160130157125110705530146常州75868060756.5镇江115南通102.5扬州2042泰州136.5盐城201*.5淮安17.51557.5连云港南京宿迁徐州人均接听量人均派车数人均接骚扰电话数综上所述，调度工作存在以下热点难点问题：

（1）调度派车原则不明确，有些县级120不坚持属地急救转送的原则，强调病人到上级医院坚持要上级120派车的错误做法，这样不仅耽误时间又浪费上级120资源,建议全省制度一套统一的派车标准。

（2）领导要重视调度工作体谅调度的难处，构建和谐的调医驾关系。调度和医驾在急救中处于指挥和被指挥关系，工作中我们时常会夹在病人和医驾人员之间两头受气，病人把紧张无助失控等不良情绪甚至是恶意，发泄到120调度身上，医驾人员把在急救现场的困难疲劳委屈等负面情绪也转嫁到调度人员上，因此，常常出现不听指挥或派而不动，不汇报领导要批评，汇报后又说是打小报告。有些市出救的驾驶员医生对外伤车祸独有情中，怕调度派错影响了自己利益，就处处盯着我们有错就汇报，关系就比较僵化了。（3）调度值班人数少（见下图），工作时间长，很少有时间学习充电，加上各市每年新建的道路新村又多，时间久就落伍了，呼吁按120电话平均日受理数量≥300次值班席位2人，300-600次3人，600-1000次4人的标准设置值班人数，多给他（她）们留些学习和自我减压的时间，减轻个人劳动强度。

值班人数连云港,9徐州,7宿迁,8淮安,6盐城,7泰州,4扬州,8南京,15无锡,9常州,10南通,7镇江,8

（4）重视调度工作的法律问题和个人的心理健康。

系统篇

03年非典后各中心相继投入重资建成了120指挥调度系统，其主要包括有线通讯，无线通讯，地理信息（GIS），卫星定位（GPS），数字录音，计算机辅助指挥调度等子系统，实现了120电话交换机从机电式向程控式转变、人工受理人工通知向计算机辅助指挥调度转变、单纯接警派车向全程指挥监控相关单位应急联动转变。

作为单笔投入最多的信息化工程，从建设之初起就寄托了全120人的殷切希望，但建成投入使用后发现该系统存在很多不足，这种理想和现实的差距一度让人们产生了困惑的心理，具体的管理和实施者也就承受了巨大压力。所以，前期的调查中我们发现大家谈论最多的就是120指挥调度系统的建设和维护，今列出几个最关注问题论述如下：

（1）一把手负责，财务医务车管后勤等部门全力配合。古往今来，指挥体系都是最高领导亲手建设，这不仅能体现上级领导意志还可保证政令通畅。作为平战结合的120指挥系统建设和维护必须要单位一把手亲自管亲自抓，从政治的高度出发，高瞻远瞩，实现指挥系统与管理之间的互动。

（2）多方筹措，保证资金充裕。根据单位财力发展适合本市规模的系统，现今社会没有钱一纸空谈，必须争取当地财政局、卫生局、信息办的关心支持，多方筹措，循序渐进逐步完善和更新我们的软硬件设备，但不要希望通过一次性的系统开发或产品的购买解决全部问题。

（3）本地化支撑体系建设，著名厂商指挥系统建设。按照我们的理解信息化是项体系工程，不只是局限在买设备、建网络、按照用户的要求进行程序开发的层面上来解决问题，只有在有效的支撑体系的保障下，展开包括120指挥系统、办公自动化系统（OA）在内的各项应用建设。回顾各家建设的经验，依据国家标准支撑体系包括基础环境、机房强电及UPS、综合布线、空调、气体消防、防雷等，这些必须要本地化公司承建，甚至连基础网络工程也可选择本地公司，否则维护（修）很困难。120指挥系统应集中在北京安克、深圳中兴和深圳天维尔等国内著名且有十例以上成功案例的120系统建设厂商中选择。

（4）维护。按照财政有关要求每年要安排建设总额的5-10%运行维护资金，其中不包含网络租赁和设备更新。各家反映维护较多的是车载系统性能不稳定维修不及时、地理信息更新慢、数据统计受理指挥软件设计不合理很多模块并不能使用（中兴）、地图台信息与车载地理信息不吻合（安克）、数据库设计不合理与急救医学结合少、维护人员少，平均故障修复时间长都在3-10天，因此我们要有讲政治，懂业务，有水平，能吃苦的指挥通信网络系统方面的专业工程师对120的软件硬件进行维护和应急维修服务。

（5）为了保持指挥系统的稳定性和工作的连续性我们引进应急管理理念，设置两个服务器、两条通讯线、两条通路、两个交换机、两个路由器、两个布线系统等，甚至连电源都是双份儿的。这些设备集成起来构成一个高速、安全、可靠的内部网，只要有一个好的，就能保证接通，两条腿走路。具体为①依靠网络文本传输指挥和依靠对讲机-中继台的无线通讯技术的语音指挥，双套并用，必须强调数字无线集群呼叫在应急通信中的不可替代的优势；②两条七号信令链路热备，语音交换机主控设备双备份；③机房主备电源；④核心交换机、路由器双备份；⑤数据库、录音系统热备。

（6）二次升级。任何系统、设备的工作都一个生命周期，服务器网络设备交换机一般4-5年、UPS电池3年，基础环境5-6年，因此很多中心都将面临系统的升级改造。根据我们的理解升级应该考虑如下方面①在保持原有通信指挥功能的同时增加急救医学单元、OA、医院信息共享功能；②引入3G视频通话手机上网功能，实现视频监护资料的双向传输；③发展800兆无线集群通信；④建设B类标准支撑体系。

展望篇

调度人员都应是医学院毕业的大专以上的医生，每班保证有一个可以用英语对话的调度人员，有一个副高以上的主任医师指导急救、分析优先派车级别，有一个计算机维护人员处理日常系统故障，同时领导应轮流直接带班，协调各种关系。

依照120接听量、派车量合理设置值班席位，每班至少保证双人双岗，编制调度人员职称序列提高人员待遇，定期心理辅导疏导精神压力。树立“我们宁可派错100次，也不能错过1个病人，和老百姓的生命相比，多派一次多跑一趟路又算得了什么。”的服务观念。

加强120指挥系统功能，为调度工作提供更大的技术支撑。博采安克公司指挥调度软件研发、中兴公司交换机和车载硬件生产、天维尔公司应急指挥系统集成之优势，进行二次升级系统，每辆救护车上增加电子地图导航、电子医疗病历实时输入、急救难点查询、视频和心电监护仪参数传输进行远程急救协助等功能的车载数据处理中心；除了和省、区县120分中心之间已建立的数据联系外，也和各个医院实现在线数据交换，指挥中心就可以了解各家医院每天实时的床位情况和专科接诊能力，在病人被送往医院过程中，就可以和医院将伤病员病情衔接好，使病人能直接进入专科医院接受专业的治疗，如果病人现场已经接受过处理，就可以直接送往科室接受专科治疗，这种无缝隙衔接可以简化程序，理顺流程，实现真正意义上的指挥、急救和管理的融合。

我国的城市应急联动多数是以110为基础的，而120系统的特殊医疗业务使三网合一很难真正融合。因此，我们调度希望交巡警提供实时路况信息、派出所提供报警人的住址路线信息等服务内容尽快实现真正意义的“急救信息资源共享”，支持120自身的院前急救水平、管理水平和信息化程度得到明显的提高和发展。

调研中一位调度发到我邮箱中的一段话，很有代表性：“作为一名普通的调度员，我不求做什么大事，只是24小时守着120，与电话为伴，不管电话那头是真呼救还是骚扰，我都认真拿起话机，深夜困了也只伏案休息，想想家中熟睡的女儿心中总有种愧疚，等女儿大了会理解妈妈的坚守是换回更多人的生命。”----她（他）是群可敬可爱的人。

扩展阅读：国家概况 120

国家概况类120

1.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedbythe______ContinentalCongressonJuly4,______.

A.First…..1774B.First….1776C.Second…..1774D.Second….17762.ThelargestlakeinBritainis______.

A.LochLomondB.theLoughNeaghC.Windermere

D.Ullswater

3.TheoriginoftheAmericanpartysystemcanbetracedto______.

A.thestrugglebetweentheRoyalistsandrevolutionariesintheWarofIndependenceB.theconstitutionaldebatebetweentheFederalistsandtheanti-Federalists

C.thestrugglebetweenthosewhoupheldslaveryandthosewhoopposedslaveryD.thestrugglebetweentheelectionofPresident

4.TheHundredYears"WarwithFrancewasfought_____.A.from1327to1453B.from1337to1453C.from1347to1453D.from1357to14535.ThesecondlargeststateoftheUnitedSlatesis______.

A.TexasB.AlaskaC.CaliforniaD.Hawaii6.Americanpresidentsareelected______.

A.everytwoyearsB.everyfouryearsC.everyfiveyears

D.everysixyears

7.Australiaistheworld"slargestexporterof______.

A.wheatB.dailyproductsC.meatD.wool

8.BritainisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthe______andtheNorthSeaintheeast.

A.eastB.southC.westD.north

9.WhichofthefollowingStatementsisNOTtrueaboutthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.HeisappointedbytheQueen.

B.HeisMinisterfortheCivilService.C.HesitsintheHouseofCommons.D.Hereceives88,292ayear.

10.ThefirstEuropeandiscovererofCanadawasfrom______.A.BritainB.SpainC.FranceD.Portugal

11.InAmericathejudicialisheadedby______

A.thePresidentB.CongressC.theSupremecourtD.theSecretaryGeneral12.TheEnglishParliamentisoriginatedfrom______.

A.ModelParliamentC.GreatCouncil

B.AllEstatesParliamentD.LongParliament

13.Theworld"slargestfreshwaterlakeisLake______.

A.SuperiorB.OntarioC.VictoriaD.Michigan

14.TheBritishpeoplehold______asthefestivaltorememberthepeoplewhodiedinthetwoWorldWars.

A.EasterMondayB.ArmisticeDayC.GuyFawkesDayD.BoxingDay

15.The1920"sintheUnitedStateshasbeendescribedasaperiodof______.

A.culturerevivalB.lossofpurpose

C.developmentofscienceandtechnologyD.materialsuccessandspiritualfrustration

16.accordingtotheEnglishlaw,nopersoncangetmarriedbelowtheageof______.A.16B.18C.20D.2117HowmanystateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution?A.8.B.9.C.12.D.13,18.TheCapitalofAustraliais______.

A.SydneyB.MelbourneC.CanberraD.Queensland19.TheScotsmennowspeak______.

A.EnglishB.Scottish

C.GaelicD.alloftheabove20.AmongthemosttypicalEnglishsports,havingbeenin.is_____.

A.rugbyB.soccerC.cricketD.boxing

21.TheearliestinstitutionofhigherlearningsetupinAmericawas_______.A.CaliforniaUniversityB.YaleUniversityC.HarvardCollegeD.ChicagoUniversity22.WhichofthefollowingtribesfirstcametoBritain

A.Anglos.B.Saxon.C.Jutes,D.Kent.23.OntheislandofGreatBritain,thereare______.

A.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland.WalesandNorthernIrelandB.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland,WalesandIrelandC.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandWales

D.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandNorthernIreland

24.ThethemeofThanksgivinghasalwaysbeen____.

A.friendshipandhappinessB.peaceandplenty

C.cooperationandrichrewardD.loveandhappiness

25.InBritainonlyabout______ofthepopulationarefarmersbuttheymanage70%ofthelandarea.

A.2%B.3%,

C.4%D.5%

26.TheToriesweretheforerunnersof_____,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalParty

C.theSocialDemocraticPartyD.theConservativeParty27.TheGrandCanyoninnorth-western___isoneofnature’smostimpressivesights.A.UtahB.Arizona.C.NevadaD.Idaho

28.TheBillofRightsisthetermusedfor_______totheConstitutionoftheunitedStates.A.thefirsttenamendmentsB.thelastfiveamendmentsC.thetenthamendmentD.themostimportantamendment29.The"basics"taughtintheAmericanelementaryschoolsare______.A.socialstudies,arithmeticandreadingB.science,reading,writingandarithmeticC.reading,writingandarithmetic

D.physicaleducation,readingandwriting30.I"helongestriverinCanadais______.

A.theMackenzieB.theSt.LawrenceC.theSevernD.theYukon

31.TheNormanConquestof______isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.

A.1063B.1064C.1065

D.1066

32.The"BigStick"PolicywasadvancedbyPresident______.

A.FranklinRooseveltB.TheodoreRooseveltC.WilliamMcKinley

D.ThomasWoodrowWilson

33.ThesmalleststateoftheUnitedStatesis______.

A.RhodeIslandB.MaineC.TexasD.Alaska

34.TheCommonwealthofNationsisanassociationofindependentcountriesandother

politicalunits______.

A.thathavelivedundertheBritishlawandgovernmentB.thathavealargenumberofBritishimmigrantsC.thathavecloserelationswithBritain

D.thathavefoughtonthesideofBritaininthetwoworldwars35.EachofthefiftystatesoftheU.S.A.elects______senators.

A.10

B.4

C.3D.2

36.ThefirstimperialistwartookplacebetweentheU.S.A.and______in1898.

A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

37.Bytradition.theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointed______bytheSovereignintheUnitedKingdom.

A.PrimeMinisterB.MemberofParliamentC.LordofAppealD.SpeakeroftheHouse38.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled______.

A.thePuritanRevolution

B.thesecondMagnaCarta

C.theLongParliamentD.theAnglicanWar

39.Australiahasalwaysbeenacontinentwithfewpeoplemainlybecause_______.A.AustraliaistoofarawayfromEurope

B.Australiaistheleastmountainousandmostleveloftheworld’scontinentsC.AustraliaisseparatedfromtherestoftheworldbyseasD.Mostofthecontinentishotanddry

40.IntheUnitedKingdom,policeofficer""arenotallowedtojoin_____orgoonstrike.A.atradeunionB.achoirC.apoliticalpartyD.aclub

41.WhenwasthereferendumonQuebec’sfuturestatusheldinCanada?A.1994.B.1995C.1996.

D.1997

42.ThegoalofRoosevelt"sNewDealwas_______.A.tosavetheAmericaneconomicandpoliticalsystemB.tochangetheAmericaneconomicsystemC.toweakenmonopolyinterestsinAmerica

D.tonationalizebanksandfinancialinstitutionsinAmerica

43.London"sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.theLordChancellorB.theHomeSecretaryC.theAttorneyGeneralD.thePrimeMinister

44.Inarea,theUnitedStalesisthe______largestcountryintheworldA.2nd.B.3rdC.4thD.5th

45.TheBlackDeath,whichravagedEnglandin13481849,carriedoff_______.A.threefourthsofthepopulationB.onefourthofthepopulation.C.onefifthofthepopulationD.onehalfofthepopulation46.WhatisthemostimportanteconomicactivityinCanada?A.Manufacturing.B.FarmingC.Mining.D.forestry47.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstothe______.A.AppalachianMountainsB.RockyMountainsC.CascadeMountainsD.SierraNevadaMountains

48.ApartfromabreakduringtheSecondWorldWar,theBBChasbeenprovidingregulartelevisionbroadcastssince_______.

A.1935B.1936C.1937D.193849.Inthe1960spopmusicunderwentarevolutionwhen______becameworldfamousandturnedtheirhometownofLiverpoolintoaplaceofpilgrimage.A.theBeachBoysB.theRollingStoneC.theAnimalsD.theBeatles50.TheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependencewas______.A.BenjaminFranklinB.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJeffersonD.JohnAdams51.WhoischieflyresponsibleforeducationintheUS?A.Thefederalgovernment.B.Thestategovernment.C.Thecountygovernment.D.Thelocalgovernment.52.ThenationalcenterofthepressinBritainis_____.A.TheFleetStreetB.Speaker"sCornerC.GreatRussellStreetD.Whitehall53.ThelongestriverinBritainisthe______.A.SevernC.Clyde

B.ThamesD.Tees

54.ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefrom______.A.EnglandandGermanyB.EnglandandIrelandC.EnglandandtheNetherlandsD.EnglandandSpain55.WhichdayisLincoln"sBirthday?

A.February12.C.July4.

B.February22.D.October12.

56.IntheUnitedKingdom,thepartywhichwinsthe______numberofseatsintheHouseofCommonsbecomestheofficialOpposition.

A.largestB.secondlargestC.thirdlargestA.toreceivefreesettlers

B.tosupplyBritainwithwoolandfoodC.toreceiveconvictsfromBritainD.toexpandtheBritishimperialpower

58.TheemblemoftheDemocraticPartyis______.A.elephantB.donkeyC.bearD.bull

59.TheMississippi,whichissometimescalled______,hasplayedavitalroleinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.A."OldManRiver"

D.fourthlargest

57.AtfirstAustraliawassettledbytheBritishasacolonyfounded______.

B."MoonRiver"

C."OldFatherRiver"D."MotheroftheUnitedStates"

60.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswas______,whichwasestablishedin1733.A.NorthCarolinaB.SouthCarolinaC.GeorgiaD.Maryland61.Australiaislocatedbetween______andtheIndianOcean.A.theSouthPacificOceanB.theNorthSeaC.theAtlanticOceanD.theArctic62.Nearly______ofthelandinCanadahasnopermanentpopulation.A.68%B.79%C.89%D.98%

63.TheUnitedStateswentwarwith______in1812,thelastwarfoughtbetweenthetwocountries.

A.BritainC.Mexico

B.FranceD.Spain

64.TheCanadaCouncilmainlyconcernswith______.A.artsB.educationC.businessD.diplomacy

65.Ofallthesymbols,whichareconsideredtorepresentfertilityandnewlifeandaremostfrequentlyassociatedwithEaster?

A.Thepumpkinandtheturkey.B.Thelambandthebeef.C.Thespringpeasandthepotatoes.D.Theeggandtherabbit.66.Toitsfullsense,theBritishParliamentconsistsof______.A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsB.theHouseandtheSenateC.theQueenandtheHouseofLords

D.theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

67.TheUnitedStateshaslessthan5%oftheworld"spopulation;yetitproducesabout______ofthetotalworldoutput.

A.20%B.25%C.30%D.35%68.WhichisNOTaBritishNewsAgency?

A,ReutersC.AFX

B.ThePressAssociationLtd.D.UnitedPressInternational

69.TheUSformerlyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin______.A.1937B.1939C".1941D.1943

70.WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658,andwassucceededbyhisson,______,theregimebeganimmediatelytocollapse.

A.HenryB.HamiltonC.RichardD.Charles

71.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabouttheNationalHealthService?

A.Itprovides(oreveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.B.Itisadministeredbythelocalgovernment.

C.Itsemergencyambulancesareavailablefordoctors"urgentcalls.D.Ithassufferedfromunderfundinginrecentdecades.72.Thetenureofofficeoffederaljudgesis______.

A.4yearslongB.forlife

C.8yearslongD.5yearslong

73.InAmerica,thethreebiggestnewspapersareofthefollowingEXCEPT______.A.NewYorkTimesB.Reader"sDigestC.WashingtonPostD.LosAngelsTimes74..Naturalgaswasdiscoveredin______inBritain.A.EnglishChannelB.IrishSea

C.LakeNoahD.theNorthSea

75.ForelectoralpurposesBritainisdividedinto659constituencies,eachofwhichreturns______totheHouseofCommons.A.onemember

B.twomembers

C.threemembersD.fourmembers76.SearsTowerisin_______.

A.BostonB.NewYorkC.ChicagoD.LosAngeles77.ChristianityconsistsofthefollowingEXCEPT_____.A.CatholicismB.EastOrthodoxC.JewishChurchD.Protestantism

78.Thetypicalorganizationalpattern(orelementaryandsecondaryschoolsintheUnitedStatesisthatof______.

A.classifiedschoolsB.vocationalschoolsC.gradedschoolsD.publicschools79.Withregardtoitssize,Australiais______countryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestC.thefifthlargest

B.thefourthlargestD.thesixthlargest

80.ChinaandAmericaestablisheddiplomaticrelationsinJanuary______.A.1972B.1976C.1978D.197981.WhichofthefollowingsportswasNOTinventedinBritain?A.footballB.tennisC.archeryU.cricket82.IntheUnitedStates,thefirstlargestimmigrationmovementtookplace______.A.rightaftertheWarofIndependenceB.inthemid-1800sC.attheturnofthe20thcenturyD.rightaftertheCivilWar83.WheredothemajorityofpeopleinScotlandlive?A.intheHighlandsB.intheLowlandsC.intheUplandsD.inthewestofScotland

84.Rock-and-rollintheearly1960sintheUnitedStateswasmusicfor______.A.teenagersB.blackaudienceC.whiteadultaudienceD.peopleofallages

85.ThankstothefeministmovementinBritain,votesweregrantedtowomenovertheageof______in1918.

A.18B.20C.30D.3586.Thefinancial,manufacturingandtransportationcenteroftheUnitedStatesis______.A.NewYorkB.WashingtonD.C.C.PhiladelphiaD.Chicago87.InBritain,childrenfromtheageof5to16______.A.canlegallyreceivepartlyfreeeducationB.canlegallyreceivecompletelyfreeeducationC.cannotreceivefreeeducationatall

D.cannotreceivefreeeducationiftheirparentsarerich

88.IntheU.S.,ConstitutionalAmendmentcangointoeffectafteritisapprovedby_____.A.atwo-thirdsvoteofbothhousesB.three-fourthsofthestatesC.two-thirdsofthestatesD.halfofthestates

89.ThetwofamousleadersofblackmovementsintheU.S.inthe60swere___A.DouglasandGarrisonB.DouglasandMartinLutherKingC.MartinLutherKingandMalcolmXD.MalcolmXandGarrison90.WheredoestheEnglishPrimeMinisterlive?A.WallStreet.C.FleetStreet.A.inonly5or6statesalongtheAtlanticcoastB.intheSouth

C.instateswithalargepopulation

D.alongtheAtlanticandPacificcoasts

92.TheAuthorizedVersionoftheBible(publishedin1611)wasmadeby______command.A.EdwardIV"sB.JamesI"sC.ElizabethI"sD.HenryVIII"s93.WhatformsanaturalboundarybetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates?A.TheRioGrandeRiver.B.ThesouthernRockyMountains.C.TheColoradoRiver.D.TheGulfofCalifornia.94.UnderwhosereignwastheBillofRightspassed?A.JamesIIB.WilliamIIIC.OliverCromwell.D.GeorgeI.

95.TheGreatBarrierReefisincludedontheWorldHeritagelistbecauseithas______.A.themostbeautifulseascapeintheworldB.thegreatestnumberofislandsintheworld

8

B.DawningStreet.

D.TheBuckinghamPalace.

91.MostofthecollegesanduniversitiesintheU.S.arelocated______.

C.themostdiverseandcomplexmarinelifeintheworldD.thelongestcoastintheworld

96.ThetwoveryimportantcropsinBritainare______.A.barleyandcornB.wheatandriceC.barleyandoatsD.wheatandbarley97.Canadaisboundedonthewestby______.A.thePacificOceanC.theIndianOcean

B.theAtlanticOceanD.theArcticOcean

98.ThePacificnorthwestisfavoredwitha______climatelikethatofBritain.A.MediterraneanB.maritimeC.continentalD.subtropical99.ThefirstRepublicanPresidentwas______.A.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJefferson100.Edinburghisthecapitalof______.

A.EnglandC.Wales

B.AbrahamLincolnD.AndrewJacksonB.Scotland

D.NorthernIreland

101.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaqualitypaper?

A.TheTelegraph.B.TheNewsoftheWorld.C.TheGuardian.D.TheObserver.102.Whichcivilairlinewasstartedin1924aftertheFirstWorldWar?

A.ImperialAirways.B.BritishAirways.C.Hawker-SiddeleyAviation.D.theBritishAircraftCorporation.103.WhenthepresidentoftheU.S.signsanactpassedbyCongressintolaw,itstillcan

becancelledif______.

A.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsB.theSupremeCourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsC.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesitisunconstitutionalD.theSupremeCourtdecidesitisunconstitutional104.WhereisthebestagriculturallandinBritain?A.InthesoutheastofEngland.B.InthenortheastofEngland.C.InthesoutheastofScotland.D.InthenortheastofScotland.

105.ThefollowingarethefactorsthathavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheU.S.

economyEXCEPT______.A.thevastspaceandresourcesofthelandB.theidealsoffreedomandeconomicopportunityC.Englishasitsnationallanguage

D.hardworkbythepeople

106.WhichbranchoftheAmericangovernmenthasthepoweroffinalinterpretationofthe

constitution?

A.TheSupremeCourt.B.ThePresident.C.TheHouse.D.TheSenate.

107.TheTowerofLondon,ahistoricalsight,locatedinthecentreofLondon,wasbuilt

by_______.

A.KingHaroldC.OliverCromwell108.TheUnitedStatesis______.

A.themostpopulouscountryintheworldB.thesecondmostpopulouscountryintheworldC.thethirdmostpopulouscountryintheworldD.thefourthmostpopulouscountryintheworld

109.TheRoyalNationalEisteddfodisa(n)______festivalofpoetry,musicandotherarts.A.EnglishC.Welsh

B.ScottishD.Irish

B.RobinHood

D.WilliamtheConqueror

110.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.TheLouisianawastakenfromBritainasaresultoftheWarof1812.B.TheLouisianaTerritorywascededtotheUnitedStatesbyFrance.C.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromSpain.D.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromFrance.

111.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTparticularlyBritishChristmastradition?

A.EnjoyingthePantomime.

B.TheQueenbroadcastingherChristmasmessage.C.Enjoyingturkeyatdinner.D.ShoppingontheBoxingDay.

112.ThecultivatedlandintheU.S.makesup______ofthetotalland.

A.21%C.41%

B.31%D.51%

113.IfastudentwantstogotouniversityinBritain,hewilltaketheexaminationcalled

_______.

A.GeneralCertificateofEducation-AdvancedB.GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducationC.thecommonentranceexamination

D.GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications

114.WhichofthefollowingisNOTintheeastpartofU.S.A.?

A.Massachusetts.B.Maine.C.NorthCarolina.D.Louisiana.115.RichardNixonresignedin1974becauseof______.

A.theGreatDepression116.OnwhichdayisHalloweencelebrated?

A.5November.C.17March.

B.theBlackPowerMovement

C.theWatergateScandalD.hisIsolationpolicy

B.31October.D.25December.

117.InAustralia,April25thisknownas______.

A.AustraliaDayB.IndependenceDayC.AnzacDayD.ANZUS

118.AmongalltheAmericancities,______boaststhebiggestoverseasChinesecommunity

A.NewYork

B.Honolulu

C.SanFranciscoD.LosAngeles

119.WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredacharacteristicofLondon?

A.Theculturalcentre.B.ThebusinesscentreC.Thefinancialcentre.D.Thesportscentre120.Whereistheinternationaltennischampionshipsheld?

A.Wembley.B.Wimbledon.C.St.Andrews.D.Clapham.

KEY

1-10.DBBBA，BDBDC11-20.CCABD，ABCDC21-30.CACBA，DBACA31-40.DBAAD，CAADA4150.BDBCD，ABBDC51-60.BAACA，BCBAC61-70.ACAAD，DCDCC71-80.BBBDA，CCCDD81-90.CBBAC，ABBCB91-100.DBABC，DABBB101-110.BADAC，ADCCD111-120.CCADC，BCCDB

语言学120

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTTrue?

A.Languageisasystem.B.Languageissymbolic.C.Animalsalsohavelanguages.D.Languageisarbitrary.2.Awordisasymbolthat_______.

A.isusedbythesamespeechcommunityB.representssomethingelseintheworldC.isbothsimpleandcomplexinnatureD.showsdifferentideasindifferentsounds

3.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only______ispermissibleaccordingtothe

sequentialrulesinEnglish.

A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk

4.AmericanEnglishbeganwith______.

A.OldEnglishB.VictorianEnglishC.MiddleEnglishD.ElizabethanEnglish

5.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshownina______formula“S→NPVP”.

A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical6."Big"and"small"areapairof______opposites.

A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse

7.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze______meaning.

A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafactorthatmayinfluencesecondlanguageacquisition?

A.Age.B.Sex.

C.Motivation.D.Personality.9.WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?

A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit

10.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakerto

somefuturecourseofactionarecalled______.

A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

11.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare______ofthesamephoneme.

A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs

12.WhichbranchofstudycanNOTbeincludedinthescopeofLinguistics?

A.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D.Anthropology.

13.Euphemismisatermof______origin.

A.LatinB.GreekC.ArabicC.Spainish14.Thedistinctionoflangueandparoleismadeby____A.HallB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure

15.______areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds16.______isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreter.A.SyntaxB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics

17.______isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenouns(number.Gender,case,etc)andverbs(tense,aspect,voice,etc).

A.PartsofspeechC.Grammaticalcategories

B.WordclassesD.Functionsofwords

18.Thenoun"tear"andtheverb"tear"are______.A.homophonesB.homographsC.completehomonymsD.allophones19.InEnglish,theonlyglottalis______.A.[1]C.[k]

B.[h]D.[f]

20.Theterm______maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsC.diachroniclinguistics

B.comparativelinguistics

D.historicalcomparativelinguistics

21.Theuseofsexistlanguagereflectsa______attitude.

A.socialB.linguistic

C.traditionalD.alloftheabove22.______wasonceusedaslinguafrancaofdiplomacy.A.LatinB.ArabicC.FrenchD.Spanish

23.Somewordsinthebasicwordstockaresaidtobestablebecausethey______.

A.arecomplexwordsB.aretechnicalwords

C.refertothecommonestthingsinlifeD.denotethemostimportantconcepts

24.Anaffixcanbeaddedtocertaintypeof______toformanewword.A.infixB.affixC.stemD.word

25.Inasentence,whichofthefollowingisusuallyNOTstressed?

A.Nouns.B.Verbs.C.Personalpronouns.D.Adjectives.

26.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttothe

conversation.

A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation27.Therelationshipbetween"meat"and"meet"is______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.polysemyD.homonymv28.Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude______,lengthandpitch.A.phonemeB.speechsoundC.syllables"D.stress29.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.Soundsandletters.C.Lettersandmeaning.

B.Soundsandmeaning.D.Soundsandsymbols.

30.Wherearethevocalcords?

A.Inthemouth.B.Inthenasalcavity.C.Abovethetongue.D.Insidethelarynx.31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.Languageisaspecialsocialphenomenon.B.languageissomearbitrarysymbols.

C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings.D.Languageisyettobeunderstood.

32.______studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax

33.______isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word

34.Aspeaker"sactualutteranceinChomsky"sterminologyiscalled

A,deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure35.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled______word.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple

36.ThestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationA.generallinguisticsC.semantics37.Leechdividedmeaningsinto______types.A.4C.6

B.phonologyD.morphologyB.5D.7

38.BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbedasmanyas2,500wordsof______intheMiddleEnglishperiod.

A.DutchoriginC.Latinorigin

B.DanishoriginD.Greekorigin

39.Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe______.A.phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes

40.TheEnglishword"untouchable"iscomposedof______morphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five

41.Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyputtingtheinitiallettersofseveralwords

togetheriscalled______.

A.compoundingB.clippingC.acronymyD.blending42.Chineselanguagebelongstothe______family.A.Indo-EuropeanB.Sino-TibetanC.Afro-AsiaticD.Caucasian

43.Thefounderofgenerallinguisticsis______.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure

44.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresent-daylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefroma______perspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological45.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare______.A.extension,narrowing,elevationanddegradationB.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradationC.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradationD.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation46.Diphthongsarecharacterizedby______.

A.glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD.stress47.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis______.A.theinternalstructureB.morpheme

C.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.word

48.Therelationbetween"food"and"bread"iscalled______.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy49.Theconsonantsound[v]isdescribedas______.

A.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeB.voiceddentalfricativeC.voicedlabiodentalfricativeD.voicedaffricate

50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?

A.Pencilbox.B.Unreasonable.C.Deadline.D.Upstairs.51.Therelationofthetwoclausesinacoordinatesentenceis______.A.oneissubordinatetotheotherB.theyholdunequalstatus

C.theyarestructurallyequalpartsofthesentenceD.theyareincorporated

52.______dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.SenseB.ReferenceC.Symbol

D.Thought

53.Thesentence"Ifireyou!"belongstothespeechactcategoryof______.A.expressivesB.directivesC.representativesD.declarations54.Generallinguisticsisthescientificstudyof______.A.languageofacertainindividualB.theEnglishlanguage

C.humanlanguagesingenera]

D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage

55.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin______.A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstreamsC.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips56.Theprefix"ex-"asin"ex-wife"or"ex-president"wasborrowedintoEnglishfrom_______.A.LatinB.GreekC.FrenchD.Celtic57.Nasalsoundsareproducedwhenthesoftpalate______.A.isloweredB.israisedC.vibratesD.moves

58.______isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.A.SociolinguisticsB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics59.Whereistheprimarystressofthewordphonology?A.pho.B.no.C.lo.D.gy.60.______referstotheutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.A.LocutionaryactB.Illocutinaryact

C.PerlocutionaryactD.Speechact61.Whichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyback-formation?A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit.62.WhatisthefullformofLAD?

A.Languageassociativedistrict.C.Languageassociativedevice.

B.Languageacquisitiondistrict.D.languageacquisitiondevice.

63.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword"man"canbeexpressedas______.A.+animate,+human,+male,-adultB.+animate,+human,+male,+adultC.+animate,+human,-male,-adultD.+animate,+human,-male,+adult64.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout______words.A.30,000to40,000B.50,000to60,000C.70,000to80,000D.80,000to90,00065.Productivityisoneofthe______oflanguage.

A.distinctivefeaturesB.designfeaturesC.SuprasegmentalfeaturesD.pragmaticfeatures66.Whatisthecommonfeatureofthethreesounds:[d],[s],[n]?A.Voiceless.B.Voiced,C.Nasal.D.Alveolar.

67.WhichofthefollowingitemsisNOToneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglish

pronouns?

A.Gender.B.Number.C.Case.D.Voice.68.Intheword"internationalism",whichpartistheroot?A.interB.nationC.alD.ism69.Thatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtherealworldistheviewof______concerningthestudyofmeaning.

A.namingtheory

B.conceptualist

C.contextualistD.behaviorist

70.Theword"pen"originallymeant"featherusedforwritingwithink".Nowitreferstoanydeviseusedforwritingwithink.Thisisanexampleof______.A.degradationofmeaningB.broadeningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.elevationofmeaning71.Theword"taxi"isformedthrough______.

A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation

72.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren"sdevelopmentoftheir______language.A.firstB.second

C.dialectalD.individualized

73.Thelefthemisphereofhumanbrainisresponsibleforthefunctionof______.A.languageandspeechB.calculation

C.analytic"reasoningandassociativethoughts

D.alloftheabove

74.BlackEnglishhadanumberof______distinctivefeaturesinitsphonological,mor

phologicalandsyntacticsystems.

A.rule-governedB.arbitraryC.unsystematicD.bothAandR75.______isnotapairofhomophones.

A.bean,beenB.beat,beetC.flea,fleeD.bow,bow

76.Ingeneral,languagecharacteristicsof______registerismoreoftenusedinthewritten

formthaninthespokenform.

A.informalB.formal

C.neutralD.alloftheabove77."Dimsum"isof______origin.

A.ScottishB.KoreanC.JapaneseD.Chinese

78.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanobviouscauseoflanguagechange?A.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.B.Thewayoflanguageteaching.

C.Thewayofchildren"slanguageacquisition.D.Economyofmemory.

79.Inanarrowersense,anindividualspeaker"sidiolectismadeupofsuchfactoras_______.

A.voicequalityandpitchB.pitchandrhythm

C.voiceandrhythmD.voice,pitchandrhythm80.Whenthesuffix______isaddedtoaverb,itchangesthisverbintoanadjective.A.-lessB.-nessC.-fullyD.-er81.Thefunctionofthesentence"Lovelyweather,isn"tit?"is______.A.informativeB.phaticC.performativeD.recreational

82.Oncethenotionof______wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledinto

pragmatics.

A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content

83.WhichofthefollowingcriteriacanNOTbeusedtoclassifyvowels?A.Thepartofthetonguethatisheldhighest.B.Theopennessofthemouth.

C.Thevibrationofthevocalcords.D.Theshapeofthelips.

84.Thereare______maximsunderthecooperativeprinciple.A.2B.3C.4D.585.Children"slanguageacquisitionis______oflanguage.A.thememorizationofwords

B.chieflytheinternalizationofindividualsentencesC.primarilytheacquiringofthegrammaticalsystemD.generallyabunchofutterance

86."Buy"and"sell"formapairof______.A.conversivesB.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.markedantonyms

87.Ifaphonemeissubstitutedforanotherinawordandthesubstitutionresultsinachangeofthewordmeaning,thetwophonemesaresaidtobe______.A.minimalpairB.minimalsetC.distinctivephonemesD.distinctivefeatures88.______isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningofeachconstituentword.

A.CollocationB."IdiomC.Semanticcomponent

D.Synonym

89.TheGreatVowelShiftoccurredattheendof______.A.OldEnglishperiodB.MiddleEnglishperiodC.ModemEnglishperiodD.Middleages

90.______isapairofcontraryantonyms.A.wild,tameB.nimble,lameC.cold,warmD.alive,dead

91.Whatkindoftoneisusedwhenastraightforwardmatter-of-factstatementisuttered?A.Therisingtone.B.Thefallingtone.C.Thefalling-risingtone.D.Theflattone.92.Thelanguageoffemalesisfeaturedby______.A.moreprestigiousformB.morepoliteandindirectlanguageC.morespecificcolortermsD.alloftheabove93.Themostimportantperiodforfirstlanguageacquisitionis______.A.adulthoodB.teenageperiodC.primaryschoolyearsD.pre-schoolyears

94.Thenumberofpidginspeakersintheworldis______.A.about6millionB.about12millionC.over12millionD.somewherebetween6-12million95.InEnglish-languagespeechcommunities,themostobvioustaboowordsarerelatedtoA.religion,sex,sexorgansB.religion,sex,excrementC.sex,sexorgans,excrementD.religion,sexorgans,excrement

96.Hallidayfocusesonthesocialaspectoflanguage,regardinglanguageasaformof_______.

A.knowingB.doingC.thinkingD.thinkinganddoing97.WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial?A.[b].B.[m].C.[p].D.[f].98.______canbeusedindependentlywithoutbeingcombinedwithothermorphemes.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.AffixesD.Roots99.Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone?

A.Blackboard.B.Sings.C.Astonishment.D.Boys.100.JohnAustinproposed______inthelate1950"s.A.SpeechActTheoryB.7typesofmeaningC.CooperativePrincipleD.Predicationanalysis101.Japaneseuses______writingsystem.

A.wordB.syllabicalphabetC.alphabeticD.syllabic102.The______varietyofdiglossiaisusedformoreformalorseriousmatter.A.formalB.informalC.highD.low103.Whichofthefollowingisavoicelessbilabialstop?A.[w].B.[m].C.[b].D.[p].104.______isNOTagrammaticalcategoryofEnglishverbs.A.TenseB.AspectC.VoiceD.Gender105.Allwordscontaina______.

A.rootB.boundmorphemeC.prefix

D.suffix

106.Ofthefollowingword-formationprocesses,______isthemostproductive.A.clippingB.blendingC.initialismD.derivation

107.ThemostwidespreadandfamiliarethnicvarietyoftheEnglishlanguageis______.

A.BritishEnglishB.AmericanEnglishC.BlackEnglishD.CanadianEnglish108.______isNOTincludedinLeech"sassociativemeaning.A.ConnotativemeaningB.SocialmeaningC.CollocativemeaningD.Thematicmeaning

109.______modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethespeechoftheoriginalword.

A.PrefixesC.Roots

B.SuffixesD.Affixes

110.Theword______isusuallyNOTusedbyBritishpeople.A."tube"B."pub"C."railroad"D."taxi"

111.Themaximofqualityrequires-.donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe______.A.falseB.true

C.indirectD.insufficient112.Canadaisawell-knownbilingualcountrywhereboth______areofficiallanguages.A.EnglishandSpanishB.EnglishandPortugueseC.EnglishandFrenchD.EnglishandRussian113.Linguistictabooreflects______.

A.socialtabooB.socialconventionC.habitD.law114.Whichofthefollowingwordsisafunctionalword?

A.Often.B.Nice.C.Desk.D.Although.

115.Bytheageof______,childrenhavecompletedthegreaterpartofthelanguage

acquisitionprocess.

A.5B.6C.4D.3116.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefunctionoflanguage?A.Metalingualfunction.B.Interpersonalfunction.C.Emotivefunction.D.Culturaltransmission.117.“Wecandothingswithwords”isthemainideaof______.A.thespeechacttheoryB.theco-operativeprinciples

C.thepoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics118.Motelisa(n)______.

A.abbreviationC.blending

B.coinageD.acronym

119.______isNOTapairofhomophones.A."Fair"(lovely)and"fair"(aregulargatheringofpeopleforbarterandsaleofgoods)B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape)C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolorthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and

"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)120.TheIndo-Europeanfamilyhas______subfamilies.A.8C.10

21

B.9D.11

1.10:CBADC,BDBBA21-30:ACCCC,DDDBD41-50:CBDBAABDCB61-70:DDBAB,DDBBB81-90:BBCCC,ACBBD101-110:BCDDA,DCDAC","p":{"h":17.043,"w":185.618,"x":135.036,"y":275.683,"z":42},"ps":null,"s":{"letter-spacing":"-0.084"},"t":"word","r":[2]},

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