地理 总结
●纬度位置及优越性：我国领土南北跨纬度很广，大部分位于中纬度地区，属(北温)带，一小部分在(热带)，没有(寒带)。气候差异大，为发展(多种农业经济)提供了有利条件。
●海陆位置及优越性：（1）位于(亚)洲的东部，(太平)洋的西岸，使我国东部广大地区(在夏季风湿润气流的影响下，降水)丰富，有利(农业)生产；（2）海陆兼备，东部地区有利与(海外各国友好往来)；西部地区(深入亚欧大陆内部)，使我国陆上交通能与(中亚、西亚、欧洲)各国直接往来，便于对外(交往和合作)（3）沿海有许多优良的港湾，便于发展(海洋事业)。
●我国领土面积（960万）平方千米，仅次于（俄罗斯）、（加拿大），居世界第三。陆上邻国14个。逆时针依次为朝鲜、（俄罗斯）、（蒙古）、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、（印度）、尼泊尔、不丹、（缅甸）、（老挝）、越南。陆上疆界2万多千米。隔海相望的国家6个：韩国、（日本）、菲律宾、（马来西亚）、文莱、（印度尼西亚）。2、我国的人口
●人口总数：201*年（12.95）亿。
●我国人口的突出特点：人口基数大，人口增长快。
●我国人口分布特点：人口分布（不均），以黑龙江黑河云南腾冲一线为界，（东部）地区人口密度大，（西部）地区人口密度较小。（我国西部地区人口稀少，但资源丰富，在西部大开发时，应注意什么问题？西部地区具有资源优势，但自然环境相对脆弱。在目前人、地、水、土矛盾已相当尖锐的条件下，开发西部，一定要以保护环境为前提，不能先开发后再治理。）●人口国策：实行计划生育。
●内容：控制人口数量，提高人口素质3、我国的民族
●我国共有（56）个民族，其中人口最多的是（汉）族，少数民族中人口最多的是（壮）族。
●汉族分布特点：汉族的分布遍及全国各地，以（中部）和（东部）最为集中。●少数民族分布特点：主要集中在（东北）、（西北）、（西南）。少数民族人口最多的是（壮）族。民族分布特点：（大杂居、小聚居）。●少数民族风情：
（蒙古）族的那达慕大会
（傣族）族的泼水节、孔雀舞，（藏族）族的集体舞、藏历年，（朝鲜）族的长鼓舞等。4、我国的地形
●我国地形的特点：（地形复杂多样，山区面积广大）●山区在开发和保护方面应当注意哪些问题：
（1）山区地面较为崎岖，（交通）不便，（基础设施）建设的难度较大。（2）在开发利用山区时，要特别注意（生态环境建设），预防和避免山地灾害（如崩塌、滑坡、泥石流）的发生。
●我国地势特征：（我国地势西高东低，呈阶梯状分布）。阶梯的分界线海拔高度主要地形类型主要地形区
第一级阶梯一、二级阶梯昆仑山脉－祁连山脉－横断山脉；二、三级阶梯是大兴安岭－太行山脉－巫山－雪峰山。4000米以上高原青藏高原、柴达木盆地第二级阶梯1000201*米高原、盆地内蒙古高原、云贵高原、黄土高原、四川盆地、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地
第三级阶梯500米以下丘陵、山地、平原、盆地相间分布东南丘陵、东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原
●我国地势西高东低呈阶梯状分布的特征对我国的气候、河流、交通产生的影响：（1）对气候的影响：我国地势西高东低向海洋倾斜,有利于海上的湿润气流向我国内陆推进,为我国广大地区带来丰沛的降水。
（2）对河流的影响：西高东低的地势,必然造成我国的大江大河自西向东奔流入海；河流在高一级阶梯向低一级阶梯流动时,落差大,产生巨大水能。
（3）对交通的影响：向东流淌的大河沟通了我国东西的交通,方便了沿海和内陆的联系;阶梯交界处的高大山脉成为我国东西交通上的巨大障碍。山脉两侧的地形区西侧东侧
①大兴安岭内蒙古高原东北平原②太行山黄土高原华北平原
③巫山四川盆地长江中下游平原
④横断山脉青藏高原四川盆地或云贵高原山脉两侧的地形区北侧南侧
⑤昆仑山脉塔里木盆地青藏高原⑥天山山脉准噶尔盆地塔里木盆地●山脉构成地形骨架●四大高原
（青藏高原）我国海拔最高、面积最大的高原（内蒙古高原）地面坦荡、一望无际（黄土高原）黄土广布、地表千沟万壑（云贵高原地表崎岖，喀斯特地貌显著●四大盆地
面积最大的盆地是（塔里木盆地）盆地海拔最高的盆地是（柴达木）盆地纬度最高的盆地是（准噶尔）盆地
发展农业生产条件最优越的盆地是（四川）盆地
●主要山脉走向：东－西走向：天山山脉——阴山山脉昆仑山脉——秦岭南岭
东北－西南走向:大兴安岭——太行山——巫山——雪峰山长白山脉——－武夷山脉台湾山脉
南－北走向:横断山脉
西北－东南走向:祁连山脉弧形山脉:喜马拉雅山脉5、我国的气候
●根据活动积温,我国从北到南可以划分为5个温度带.寒温带、中温带、暖温带、亚热带、热带；此外还有一个地势较高的高原气候区.
（1）热带亚热带暖温带中温带寒温带高原气候区（2）0
（3）暖温带
（4）琼台粤桂云或滇（5）一三
（6）②亚热带③暖温带
●依据降水量和蒸发量的关系,我国可以划分
为4个干湿地区（湿润）区、（半湿润）区、（半干旱）区、（干旱）区。干湿区湿润区半湿润区、半干旱区、干旱区。植被森林森林草原、草原、荒漠。
农业类型种植业（水田农业）种植业（旱地农业）畜牧业
●季风区与非季风区的分界线：（大兴安岭）、（阴山）、（贺兰山）、（巴颜喀拉山、（冈底斯山）．
●说出下列地理现象存在差异的原因：
我国长江中下游地区形成特殊的“鱼米之乡”的景观得益于（雨热同期的季风）气候。
长江中下游地区与青藏高原处在大体相同的纬度上，但气候差别很大的原因是（地势（青藏高原海拔高））因素；
长江中下游地区与阿拉伯半岛大体相同的纬度上，气候差别很大的原因是受（海陆位置）和（夏季风）的影响。北京与乌鲁木齐纬度大致相当，但降水却有很大的差别。（海陆位置、夏季风）
在不同的温度带内生长不同的果树；不同的温度带内熟制也不同；南北传统民居的建筑结构也不同。原因是（纬度因素）
东西植被不同；东西农业类型不同，东部以耕作业为主，西部以畜牧业为主；东西部房屋屋顶的结构不同，东南部多钭顶房，西北部多平顶屋。（降水量不同）使我国的农作物及各种动植物资源极其丰富。（气候复杂多样）②形成不同自然资源和旅游资源（气候复杂多样）③人们的饮食习惯也各有不同，如：四川、湖南等地冬季比较阴冷潮湿爱吃辣椒；南方人爱吃米饭，北方人爱吃面食。（气候复杂多样）
④人们的服饰也因为适应气候而多姿多彩（气候复杂多样）
，如：西藏的藏袍就是为了适应西藏日较差大的气候特征的（地形）；⑤各地的建筑特点不同，北方的屋顶斜度较小，墙体较厚，南方的屋顶斜度较大（气温、降水）；⑥对。……
（1）①7；②7、8；③4、5、6、7、8；④4、5、6、7、8、9（2）夏秋多冬春少
（3）广州、哈尔滨；我国的雨带推移是自南向北推进。
（4）因为我国南方雨季开始早、结束迟、雨季长；我国北方雨季开始迟、结束早、雨季短
●季风气候带来的灾害性天气（寒潮）、（台风）、（水旱灾害）●我国气候的主要特征
（1）从图中读出我国的气候特点：气候特征（气候复杂多样）、（季风）气候显著。（2）三明属于（亚热带季风气候）气候。●列表对比长江、黄河项目长江黄河
发源地青藏高原的唐古拉山青藏高原的巴颜喀拉山源头沱沱河约古宗列渠
流经省区青、川、藏、滇、渝、鄂、湘、赣、皖、苏、沪青、川、甘、宁、内蒙古晋、陕、豫、鲁
流经主要地形区青藏高原、云贵高原、四川盆地、长江中下游平原青藏高原、黄土高原、华北平原
主要支流嘉陵江、汉江、赣江等洮河、湟水、渭河等流域范围位于秦岭与南岭之间位于阴山与秦岭之间开发水能（上游）、航运水能（上游）治理兴建中上游防护林（略，见下表）
●黄河各河段产生灾害的原因，以及治理的基本方案。河段上游中游下游
产生的主要灾害草地退化、荒漠化严重水土流失地上河
产生灾害的原因气候趋于干旱黄河中游流经黄土高原，支流较多。黄土高原的土层舒松，植被破坏严重，一遇暴雨，大量泥沙与雨水一起汇入黄河。黄河进入下游平原，河道变宽，坡度变缓。河水流速减慢，携带的泥沙沉积下来，使河床逐渐抬高。
治理植树种草开展水土保持综合治理。加固黄河大堤
8、我国自然资源的特点：（资源总量丰富）、（但人均不足。）土地资源类型季风区或非季风区干湿地区主要地形类型耕地季风区湿润、半湿润区东部的平原、低缓丘陵、盆地森林湿润区山地
草地非季风区半干旱区高原
未利用土地半干旱区西部的盆地、高原
●我国土地的基本国策是“十分珍惜和合理利用没一寸土地，切实保护耕地。”●我国水资源的时空分布特点及其对社会经济发展的影响
●目前人类利用的淡水资源，主要是主要是江河湖泊水和浅层地下水
●我国水资源时间、空间分布特点：时间上：夏秋多，冬春少；空间上：南丰北缺。
●解决水资源时空分布不均的办法：兴建水库可以有效调控径流和水量的季节变化。例如：三峡和小浪底水利枢纽。
●解决水资源地区分布不均衡的有效办法之一：跨流域调水。例如：南水北调工程，引滦入津工程，引黄济青工程。
●解决我国缺水问题的主要途径之一：节约用水、保护水资源9、我国的交通
●我国交通运输网络的大致分布格局：东密西疏●我国的主要铁路干线
①兰新线②青藏线（未建成）③包兰线④京九线⑤宝成线⑥成昆线
东西向：京包线（北京包头）包兰线（包头兰州）；陇海（连云港兰州）兰新线（兰州乌鲁木齐）；
沪杭（上海-杭州）浙赣（杭州株洲）湘黔（株洲贵阳）贵昆（贵阳昆明）线
南北向：京哈线（北京哈尔滨）；京沪线（北京上海）；京广线（北京广州）；京九线（北京九龙）焦柳线（焦作柳州）；
宝成线（宝鸡-成都）成昆线（成都昆明）我国主要的交通枢纽及经过的铁路干线：
北京：（京哈线）、（京包线）、（京广线）、（京沪线）、（京九线）。徐州：（陇海线）、（京沪线）。郑州：（陇海线）、（京广线）。
兰州：（陇海线）、（京包线）（包兰线）。●根据需要合理地选择交通运输方式（略）9、我国的农业
●农业的地区分布：东、西部差异：
西部400毫米等降水量线东部种植业畜牧业种植业林业渔业
有灌溉水源的平原、河谷和绿洲内蒙古、新疆、青海、西藏四大牧区东部半湿润和湿润的平原地区东北、西南的天然林区，东南的人工林区东部沿海和长江中下游地区南、北方种植业的差异：
地区耕地类型作物熟制（一年几熟）主要作物粮食作物油料作物糖料作物
秦岭－淮河以北旱地一年一熟、两年三熟、一年两熟小麦花生甜菜秦岭－淮河以南水田一年两熟、一年三熟水稻油菜甘蔗●三大棉区：
●举例说明因地制宜发展农业的必要性：（P102图4.16填充图册P32五）利用当地（自然条件）的优势，把要发展的农业生产部门或农作物，布局在适宜它本身发展、生长最有利的地区，是“因地制宜”的重要内容之一。
●农业生产还受当地（社会经济条件）的制约，这也是发展农业需要充分考虑的因素。
10、我国的工业
●工业分布特点：（沿海）、（沿河）、（沿交通线）●工业的空间分布：
(1)京广、京哈、京沪等铁路沿线的全国意义的工业基地。(2)黄河流域的（能源开发）工业带。
(3)长江沿线的以（上海）、（南京）、（武汉）、（重庆）为中心的沿江经济发达地带。
(4)沿海地区的（长江三角洲）、（辽中南）、（京津唐）、（珠江三角洲地区）等工业最发达的经济核心区。●发展高新技术产业：
(1)特征：从业的科技人员比重大；开发研究的费用比例大；产品更新快。(2)分布特点：大多依附大城市，有大分散、小集中的特点。(3)开发侧重点：沿海地区侧重（科技园区型）高新技术产业；沿边地区侧重（贸易导向型）型产业；内陆地区侧重与（国防军事类）有密切关系的产业。●高新技术产业开发区依附于大城市，分布特点呈（大分散）、（、小集中）●举例说明高新技术产业对生产、生活的影响：
上海：优化调整了工业的产业结构。（上海工业的变化）北京：增长速度快，促进和推动了经济的发展。（中关村对北京经济发展的贡献）
扩展阅读：中国地理总结
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复杂，地表水易渗漏，并给修建水库，工程建设增加了很大难度。(2)四大盆地名称位置与范围海拔主要特征我国面积最大盆地，有最大沙漠塔克塔里木盆地昆仑山与天山之间；新1000米疆境内和最大内流河，封闭严密、干燥面积第二大盆地，西北有缺口，相对湿准噶尔盆地阿尔泰山、天山之间；500米新疆境内外流河，多为固定沙丘3000米左昆仑山、祁连山之间；柴达木青藏高原东北部，青海盆地省境内高原盆地东是巫山，西是横断山，四川盆北是大巴山，南是云贵地高原；四川和重庆境内［补充］塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地边缘的高山山麓地带，许多地方受高山冰雪融水的滋润，形成一连串小块绿洲，是新疆主要的农牧业区。其中塔里木盆地边缘的绿洲，处在古代“丝绸之路”上，是沟通亚欧大陆的一段“绿色通道”。四川盆地在地质史上是一个大湖盆，后来由于湖水外泄、下切，形成了三峡。成都平原，是岷江的冲积扇平原，土壤肥沃，灌溉便利，物产富饶，有“天府之国”的美誉。(3)三大平原名称范围主要特征500米以下多低山丘陵，西有面积较大的成都平原也称“紫色盆地”，最湿润的外流盆地，源丰富。最高的内陆盆”之称，石油、有色金属矿、盐矿资右，我国地势壁，东南部多盐湖和沼泽地，有“聚宝我国地势最高盆地，大部分为沙漠、戈润，沙漠、戈壁面积较小，北部有一条拉玛干沙漠（世界最大的流动沙丘区）我国面积最大、地势最高（200米以下）大小兴安岭、长白山之间，由松的平原，地势坦荡，黑土深广，多沼泽低东北平原嫩平原、三江平原、辽河平原三地。松嫩平原、三江平原是我国商品粮率部分组成较高的商品粮基地。我国最完整的平原，由黄淮海冲积而成。北是燕山，南到准河，西起太行华北平原山，东至渤海。碱、风沙等自然灾害频发的地区我国最低平的平原（多在50米以下，下长江中下游平原巫山以东到海滨，沿江分布呈狭游长江三角洲则海拔在10米以下），河长形湖密布，为著名水乡(4)三大丘陵地势低平（多在50米以下），旱涝、盐位置辽东半岛上山东半岛上我国东南部，包括江南丘陵、浙闽丘陵、风景旅游区千山泰山辽东丘陵山东丘陵东南丘陵两广丘陵等，面积最大黄山、庐山、武夷山、“桂林山水”［注意］利用：①缓坡开辟梯田果园或栽培经济林木；②发展旅游业；③发展林业、畜牧业（5）地震、火山、泥石流名称分布1、东南部的台湾和福建沿海2、华北太行山沿线和京津唐地区3、西部青地震藏高原和边缘的四川、云南两省西部4、西北的新疆、甘肃和宁夏火山泥石流主要分布在内蒙古高原南部、东北山区、台湾、海南岛等地多产生在西部青藏高原边缘山区，东部低山丘陵与平原交替处第二节中国的气候１、冬夏季气温分布特点及原因季分布特点节①我国跨纬度大，冬季太阳直射南半球，我国纬度越高，南暖北寒、南北温差大。白昼越短，正午太阳高度越低，因而北方获得热量大大冬漠河是我国冬季最冷的季地方。0℃等温线大致经②北方靠近冬季风源地，深受冬季风影响，更加剧北方的1过青藏高原东部边缘，东月至秦岭－淮河一线度都大为减弱，使南北温差增大（可与北美洲地形对气候的影响进行对比）①太阳直射北半球，虽然我国南方正午太阳高度仍大于北方，但北方的白昼却比南方长。太阳照射时间和获得太阳光热量南北相差不大。除青藏高原和天山、大小夏②受夏季风影响程度不同，北方晴天多，气温回升快，南兴安岭以外，全国普遍高季方雨季长阴雨天多，日照时间短。温、南北温差小。吐鲁番青藏高原等山地气温低，原因：地势高7盆地是我国夏季最热的月吐鲁番盆地夏季最热，原因：①盆地地形，不易散热，地方且外边气流越过山地下沉时，增温作用强，形成焚风；②沙漠广布，吸热快；③空气干燥天空少云，太阳辐射强2、温度带划分及其分布寒冷，越往南去，冬季风受山岭的重重阻挡，势力和频小于南方，气温低得多；形成原因我国根据≥１０℃积温自北向南划分五个温度带，即寒温带、中温带、暖温带、亚热带、热带，同时另有一个独特的青藏高原气候区。1000℃积温度带范围温琼全部和台南部、粤南一年三熟，我国热带作物和热带经热带部（雷州半岛）、滇南部（西双版纳）一年两熟到三熟。稻麦两熟或双季秦淮一线以南的大部分亚热带地区，青藏高原以东8000℃我国水稻、油菜及亚热带水果、经济林的重要产区。黄河中下游大部分地区3400－暖温带即鲁全部和陕、晋、冀4500℃大部分和南疆吉全部和黑、辽、内蒙中温带古大部，北疆3400℃玉米、谷子、高粱一年一熟。生长期较短的早熟作物寒温带黑、内蒙古的最北部＜1600℃为主：春小麦、大麦、马铃薯等高原气候区青海、西藏大部和四川＜201*℃西部一年一熟。青稞等1600－葡萄等）的主产区。一年一熟。春小麦、大豆、甜菜、玉米、谷子及温带水果（苹果、梨、两年三熟或一年两熟。我国冬小表、4500－稻。双季稻加冬作油菜或冬小麦。＞8000℃济林的重要产区作物熟制3、降水分布和时间分配规律及原因基本特点（规律）名称空间分布规律内容从东南沿海向西北内影响我国降水的主要来源是夏季东南部湿润，愈向西北原因影响陆逐渐渐少风。我国东部广大地区受东南季风和西南季风的影响大，降水多；西北内陆地区受夏季风影响不明显，降水稀少部内陆越干燥时间变化季节变化降水季节分配不均，降水集中在5月到9月的夏秋季节夏季受来自海洋的湿润气流影响，使我国旱涝灾害频繁，降水丰沛；冬季受来自大陆的干燥空气的影响，降水少夏季风进退的规律反常所造成的夏季风强或来的早，北涝南旱；夏季风弱或来的晚，南涝北旱年际变化各地降水年际变化大，南方较小，北方较大，西北干旱地区最大降水的南北差异北方：降水少，雨季短；南方：降水多，雨季长由夏季风形成锋面雨带进退规律决定的。形成北方的春旱、夏涝；江淮地区的梅雨和伏旱［注意］关于降水分布，有三条界线比较重要：a.800mm年等降水量线，它大致经青藏高原东南边缘，然后折向东，沿秦岭淮河一线，此线以东、以南地区年降水量大于800mm，为温润区。是我国主要的水田作业区，农业以水稻生产为主；此线以北为半湿润区，以旱作农业为主；b:400mm年降水量线，此线大致沿大兴安岭长城一线到兰州，向西南，经青藏高原到冈底斯山一线。此线是我国半湿润区和半干旱区的大致分界线，也是我国农耕区与畜牧业区的分界线；c:200mm年等降水量线：大致经内蒙古中部贺兰山祁连山经青藏高原一线。此线大致是我国半干旱区和干旱区的分界线。年降水量200mm以下的地区，多为荒漠地区，除有灌溉水源的绿洲以外，自然环境恶劣，人烟稀少，十分荒凉。4、我国雨带的推移规律及影响⑴锋面雨带的形成：当夏季风的暖湿气流登陆北上时，与从北方南下的冬季风的冷干气流相遇，较轻的暖湿气流被抬升到冷空气之上。暖湿气流在上升过程中，气温不断降低，冷凝致雨，形成锋面雨，从而在我国东部地区冷暖气流交汇的地带出现一条降水较多的锋面雨带。⑵锋面雨带的移动：五月，雨带徘徊在南岭一带；六月，雨带移到长江流域以后，在江淮之间摆动一个月左右（梅雨）；七月上旬，雨带开始向北向西推移，七、八月份到达华北、东北等地。（六、七、八月西南、两广地区还受西南季风影响）注图中阴影与非阴影的分界线为我国季风区与非季风区的分界线：大兴安岭─阴山─贺兰山─巴颜喀拉山─冈底斯山一线［注意］除了夏季风进退及由此而形成的锋面雨以外，地形和台风也是影响我国降水的因素。例如：我国降水最多的地方火烧寮，就位于正对东南季风的山谷迎风坡地带；我国降水量最少的吐鲁番托克逊，则位于深居内陆的盆地中，地形闭塞，降水极少。另外，夏秋季节，影响我国东南沿海的台风，也往往带来大量降水。5、干湿地区划分及分布我国根据降水量和蒸发量的关系，自东南向西北分布湿润地区、半湿润地区、半干旱地区和干旱地区。干湿干湿状况地区湿润区半湿润区>800mm东南大部、东北的东北部降水量＞蒸发量400-800mm降水量＞蒸发量东北平原、华北平原、黄土高原南部和青藏高原东南部气候较湿润，草原和森林气候湿润，森林主要分布地区气候和植被半干旱区干旱区200-400mm内蒙古高原、黄土高原和青藏高原大部份降水量＜蒸发量杂多样7、影响我国的气象和气候灾害灾害梅雨江淮地区春末夏初江淮地区冷暖气团势均力敌多发地区多发季节成因富特点防治措施阴雨连绵降水多；出现“空梅”天气干旱降水多时排水；出现“空梅”天气引水灌溉组织抗旱，若有台风雨形成可能缓解旱情及时预报，做好台风过境的准备，建立健全减灾工作的政策法规体系，营造沿海防护林，提高公众的灾害意识伏旱台风长江中下游地区东南沿海7月梅雨过后，在单一的副热带高压控制下天气酷热少雨，抗旱任务艰巨狂风暴雨夏秋热带海洋上形成的强烈的热带气旋春旱华北3-5月气温回升快，蒸发旺盛，夏季风没有到达（或受单一冷气流影响），降水少，又值农作物播种、生长季节，蓄水量大空气干燥，土壤缺水，河湖水位下降引水灌溉夏涝倒春华北、南方地区东部季风区6-8月春季风来得迟，影响时间长，降水强度大洪涝灾害低洼地排水，疏浚河流，增加入海口3-5月极地大陆气团势力强盛春季出现强低温和雨雪天气地膜覆盖等寒寒潮除青藏高原以外的广大地区风沙天气暴雨洪涝除西部一些沙漠地区以外的广大地区夏秋形成降水的天气系统持续时间长，如锋面、气旋、热带气旋等三北地区冬半年，以春秋两季最严重春秋两季，以春季最严重西北季风吹扬，干旱地区的沙尘向东南方向扩散风大，大气含沙量大，能见度低，影响范围广，一般与寒潮路径相同降水强度大，时间短，形成洪涝，我国南方（和东部）地区多大暴雨和特大暴雨修筑堤坝、整治河道、修建水库、修建分洪区，加强洪泛区土地管理，建立洪水预报预警系统，拟定居民应急撤离计划和对策，实现防洪保险等干旱华北、西北冬春长期无降水或降水异常偏少空气干燥，土壤缺水，使突出的世界性问题，影响经济发展和社会安定因地制宜，合理调整农业结构，改善农业生态环境，在干旱多发地区选择优良作物品种，开展农业水利设施建设，营造防护林，改进耕作制度营造防护林，退耕还林还草强冷空气迅速入侵大风、雨雪、冻害时间长，范围广加强警报，做好防旱准备第三节中国的河流和湖泊1、河流的基本特点基本特点河流众多内容流域面积超过1000平方千米以上的河流，就有1500多条河流年径流量达27000亿立方米，仅次于巴西、俄罗斯、居世界第三水量丰富位水能蕴藏量极大水力资源蕴藏量达6.8亿千瓦，居世界首位2、内外流河及其水文特征。（延伸内流湖）占全流域区域分界线国总面积流入太平洋：长江、黄河、珠江、松花江、北段大致沿着大兴安岭一阴山一贺外流区域兰山一祁连山（东端）一线；南段沿巴颜喀拉山─冈底斯山一线。（与季风区非季风区的界线大体相近）内流区域1/32/3海河、辽河、澜沧江（境外称湄公河）。流入印度洋：雅鲁藏布江（在印度境内称布拉马普特拉河）、怒江。流入北冰洋：额尔齐斯河。流入沙漠或内陆湖泊：塔里木河主要大河［注意］河流水文特征分析：①水位（决定于河流补给类型，以雨水补给的河流，水位变化由降水特点决定；冰川融水补给的河流，水位变化由气温特点决定），②流量（以雨水补给的河流，看降水量的多少；流域面积大，一般流量大），③含沙量（决定于流域内地面植被状况），④结冰期有无或长短（最冷月月均温），⑤水能蕴藏量（由流域内的地形、气候特征决定）（1）不同地区外流河的水文特征和成因：地区东北黑龙江及其支流松花河流江特水量征丰富较小丰富辽河、海河、黄河长江、珠江秦－淮以北秦－淮以南成流经森林茂密、气候湿因润的地区特水位征变化成河流补给多样因特汛期较短、季变较小汛期征较小流经半湿润和半干旱地区大河流补给主要是7、8月的降水汛期较短、季变大流经降水丰富的湿润地区小降水的季节长汛期长、季变小成冬季积雪，春天融化，因形成春汛，夏季受夏季降水季节短风影响，形成夏汛特含沙量小征大降水多，且季节长小成河流上、中游植被少，因森林茂密，水土流失小且流经疏松土质的地植被保护较好区，水土流失严重特结冰征期长成冬季长，气温低因较短无冬季较短冬季气温在0℃以上（2）内流河的水文特征和成因：特征主要分布在西北内陆水量较小成因这里降水稀少，气候干燥，沙漠广布，有大面积的无流区河水主要来自高山冰雪融水和山地降水，其量较小夏季气温高，冰雪融水量多，山地降水也较多，水量丰富；冬汛期短季河流断流，属季节性河流，且有显著日变化内流河河水沿途被大量蒸发、下渗，加上引水灌溉，使河流水量减少，河流消失。塔里木河：7——9月为汛期3、长江概况长江源于青藏高原唐古拉山各拉丹冬雪峰，干流沿途流经青海，西藏，四川，云南，重庆，湖北，湖南，江西，安徽，江苏，上海11个省（市，区）。注入东海，为我国最长、年径流量最大、流域面积最大的河流。其中自源头到湖北宜昌为上游，主要流经了我国地势的第一、二级阶梯，接纳了大量支流，水量大增，落差大，水力资源丰富；自宜昌到江西湖口为中游，长江中游流经平原区接纳了鄱阳湖，洞庭湖，汉江等水系，水量大增，荆江河段九曲回肠，易泛滥成灾；江西湖口以下为下游，下游流经平原地区河流支流已不多，但由于水量大，地势低平，防洪任务艰巨，长江重要的支流有：雅砻江、岷江、嘉陵江、乌江、湘江、汉江、赣江等，其中汉江是长江最大的支流。已建成的大型水利工程有葛洲坝（三峡的上游干流）、丹江口（汉江）、安康、二滩（雅砻江）、龚嘴（岷江支流大渡河），隔河岩（清江）、五强溪（沅江）、乌江渡（乌江）、在三峡的西陵峡中三斗坪正在建设世界最大的三峡水利工程枢纽工程。（1）防洪与灌溉水灾严重河长江中下游平原地区段长江中下游洪水有三个主要来源：宜昌以上的干支流；南面洞庭湖、鄱阳湖水系；北面的汉江。有些年份，流域内普降暴雨，三股主要洪水来水灾原因自同一时期，河水猛涨，就会使长江干流出现特大洪水，造成水灾。同时，上中游植被近年来遭到破坏，泥沙淤塞严重，中许多大湖，围湖造田，造成分洪能力减小加固江防大堤，兴建了一批分洪、蓄洪工程，修建了许多水库，并重点防洪工作治理荆江河段，最近又制定了长江上中游造林和水土保持的宏伟规划，长江三峡水利枢纽工程正在建设灌溉事业的目前，全流域的灌溉面积已占耕地总面积的60%发展（2）黄金水道①长江航线与铁路运输相比，具有运量大、投资省、成本低等优点；②长江流运输域资源丰富，沿江平原和长江三角洲是我国主要农业生产基地之一干流上沿岸价值有众多的工业城市；③干流航线与多条南北铁路和京杭运河相交，既沟通内地和沿海，又联系了南北广大地区①一方面疏浚长江航道，对滩多流急的川江和“九曲回肠”的荆江进行重点治航线理，加强沿江港口建设；②一方面吸取沿海开放地区经济发展的经验，扩大沿建设江的对外开放大力建设沿江经济带4、黄河概况黄河发源于青藏高原上巴颜喀拉山北麓，流经9个省级政区（青、陇、川、宁、内蒙、陕、晋、豫、鲁），注入渤海，长度与流域面积均居我国第二，但水量很小。内蒙古河口镇以上为上游，黄河上游青海省境内，流经青藏高原，水量不大，水流平缓，河水清澈；自青海龙羊峡、经甘肃刘家峡至宁夏青铜峡的峡谷段，水能资源丰富；在宁夏，内蒙古境内，黄河流经平缓的地形区，水流平缓，气候干旱，加上宁夏平原，河套平原大量引水灌溉，水量有所减少；河口镇至河南孟津为中游，流经黄土高原，接纳了汾河，渭河等支流，水量增加，特别是河水含沙量大增（90%黄河泥沙来于此）；孟津以下为下游，流经华北平原，由于长期人工筑堤束水，黄河下游河床高于两岸地面数米，形成“地上河”，所以黄河下游沿途水量渐少，支流很少，且易发洪涝灾害。而由于中上游地区用于生产、生活的引水量过大，造成下游河段在春末夏初季节几乎每年发生断流现象。黄河主要的支流有：上游河段有洮河和湟水，中游段有无定河、延河、汾河和渭河（其支流有泾河、洛河）等。（1）母亲河的奉献黄河是形成华北平原的主要原因之一，使干旱的宁夏、内蒙古境内形成了冲积平原具有“塞上江南”美称的宁夏平原和河套平原。这些平原是我国重要的农业地区黄河上中游多在高山、高原的峡谷中穿行，蕴藏着丰富的水能资源，已陆水能资源续建成青海龙羊峡、李家峡、甘肃的刘家峡、宁夏青铜峡、河南三门峡、小浪底等大型水利枢纽和水电站灿烂文化千百年来黄河流域的人民，在黄河的哺育下，创造了中华民族的灿烂文化（2）我国的忧患和黄河的根治黄河出黄土高原，流入平原地区，由于河道变宽、坡度变缓、流速缓慢，大量泥沙沉积河底，使河床逐渐抬高，成为“地上河”。河床不断升高，忧患的原因河水只靠人工筑堤约束，一遇暴雨，河水猛涨，两岸河堤，随时随处有决口的危险黄河之害，在于下游决口改道。究其根源，是大量泥沙入河并在下游河道沉积。所以，治理黄河的关键，在于治沙。黄河泥沙90%来自中游，加强中游黄土高原地区的水土保持是治黄的根本。具体措施有：①种草种树，坡耕地退耕还林、还牧，使土石不下坡，清水长流；②修筑梯田，黄河的根治打坝淤地，以减少入河泥沙；③上中游修建水库也是治黄的重要措施，修水库水仅发电，还可治沙与防洪，调节黄河径流。如小浪底水利枢纽建成后，可发挥防洪、发电、灌溉、防凌、防淤、养殖、旅游等多种功能。下游加固大堤，确保堤岸万无一失。近年来，黄河断流问题正日益引起我国政策的高度重视。今后，我们一方面要加强水库建设与管理，调峰济枯；另一面要加强全流域水资源的统一调配与管理，增强节水，护水意识；同时要加快黄河上游“引长济黄”工程的论证。5、珠江：发源于云贵高原，云南省东北部乌蒙山区，全长2197千米，流域面积45万平方干米，流经黔、桂、粤等省区，最后注入南海，主要支流有右江、左江、桂江、郁江。珠江水系包括西江、东江、北江三大江，西江为珠江的主流。整个水系河道弯曲，水量丰富、汛期长、含沙量小。西江上游红水河段，落差大，水能资源蕴藏丰富且集中。西江上游红水河段实行梯级水力资源开发，建设大型水电枢纽，积极发展航运。［补充］位于红水河上游的龙滩水电站是我国装机规模仅次于长江三峡的第二大水电工程。①西电东送的龙头：它的建设对于促进全国电力联网，实现能源的优化配置，满足广东和广西电力增长的需要，优化华南地区电力结构具有重要的作用。②防洪效益：对减轻西江和珠江三角洲的洪水灾害具有明显的效益。③航运效益：红水河自此将成为沟通黔、桂、粤三省区通江达海的黄金水道，为黔、桂两省区煤炭及其他矿产资源外运开辟了便捷的新通道。④促进西部大开发：将带动当地建材、冶金、机械、农牧业和第三产业的极大发展。广西地处“中国－东盟自由贸易区”的战略前沿和“泛珠三角”经济圈的结合部，是粤港澳资本、技术、产业西进和参与西部大开发的热点地区。龙滩水电站将为广西境内的区域合作提供有竞争力的电价，优化投资环境，有利于这一地区自然资源的开发和促进工业现代化、推动经济、社会的全面发展，对西部少数民族地区经济发展具有重要拉动力。6、京杭运河：起、终点地位世界开凿最北京到早，最长的杭州人工运河6、两大湖泊分布区概况我国湖泊众多，分布范围广而不均匀，以青藏高原和长江中下游平原分布最为集中。长江中下游平原湖区，全部为外流湖、淡水湖。鄱阳湖（赣）、洞庭湖（湘）、太湖（苏）、洪泽湖（苏）、巢湖（皖）为我国五大淡水湖泊，其中鄱阳湖是我国面积最大的淡水湖。①青藏高原湖区是世界上海拔最高的高原湖区，也是我国湖泊分布最为集中的区域。绝大多数属内流湖，为咸水湖和半咸水湖。其中青海湖（青）是我国面积最大的湖泊（属咸水湖），纳木错（藏）为海拔最高的大湖。察尔汗盐湖（青海柴达木盆地）是我国最大的盐湖。除天然湖泊外，我国还有许多人工湖泊──水库。天然湖泊与水库具有调节气候、调蓄水量、灌溉、航运、养殖、发电、提取化工原料和旅游等多种功能。我国不少湖区风景秀丽，如西湖、太湖、洱海、天池等，都是著名的旅游胜地。［补充］关注湿地2月2日世界湿地日我国湿地的主要类型包括沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地、河流湿地、河口湿地、海岸滩涂、浅海水域、水库、池塘、稻田等自然湿地和人工湿地。我国湿地面积，占世界湿地的10％，位居亚洲第一位，世界第四位。千米鲁、苏、浙钱塘江量在内河航运中仅次于长江1800京、津、冀、淮河、长江、仍是重要的运输线，年运输长度经过省、市沟通水系航运量海河、黄河、浙江、江苏境内的运河段，青海湖的鸟岛、湖南省的洞庭湖、江苏盐城国家级珍禽保护区和香港米浦等7处湿地已被列为“国际重要湿地名录”。湿地的直接利用功能有：①提供水资源及丰富的动植物产品。②提供矿物资源及能源和水运条件。湿地的间接利用功能有：①调蓄水量、调节气候；②沉积营养物质和净化污水；③与地下水交流和防止海水入侵；④独特的生态功能和生物多样性；⑤具有景观和旅游价值；⑥具有教育和科研价值。考点搜索中国主要自然资源的特点第四节中国的自然资源学习自然资源时，应结合中国地图，同时将各知识点落实到地图上。１、基本特征①自然资源总量大、种类齐全。我国是世界资源大国。不仅如此，我国还是世界上少数几个矿种比较齐全的国家之一。②人均资源占有量不多，许多资源人均占有量居世界后列。③自然资源形势严峻。由于利用不当、管理不善，自然资源遭到破坏和浪费的现象严重。自然资源土地面积矿产储量耕地面积河流年径流量森林总面积总量在世界的位次33466人均值约占世界人均值的几分之几三分之一五分之一三分之一四分之一五分之一２、水资源和水能资源（总量丰富，分布不均）（1）水资源：我国是世界上缺水严重的国家之一，人均水资源占有量仅为世界平均水平的1/4。“水”已成为了制约我国社会、经济快速发展的瓶颈。造成我国水资源短缺的主要原因，不是总量不足，而是水资源时空分布的不均衡。从空间分布看，我国水资源南多北少，东多西少。若将“水资源”与人口、耕地面积结合起来看，我国水土资源配合欠佳，缺水最严重的华北地区，耕地占全国的40%，水资源仅占全国的6%，这里年降水量在800mm以下，河流径流量小，更重要的是人口稠密，耕地广大，工农业生产用水量大。从时间变化看，我国水资源季节变化大，夏秋多、冬春少。解决水资源不足的主要措施有：①跨流域调水，以解决水资源空间分布不均的问题，已建或在建的引水工程有：引滦入津、引黄济青、南水北调等；②兴修水库，解决水资源季节变化大的问题。如规模宏大的长江三峡工程和黄河小浪底水利枢纽完成后，都将在防洪、灌溉及水资源调配方面发挥重大作用；③节约用水，防止水污染，水污染和浪费在一定程度上加剧了用水紧张的状况。今后我们要加大污水处理力度，发展节水农业，开展水资源的综合利用，减少或杜绝水的浪费。（2）水能资源：水电与火电相比，具有清洁、廉价的特点；而且水力发电是可再生资源，可循环使用。我国地势西高东低，呈阶梯状分布，许多河流在流经阶梯交界处时落差大，水流湍急，水能蕴藏巨大。我国水能资源蕴藏量达6.8亿千瓦，居世界第一位，其中长江水系、雅鲁藏布江、黄河中上游和珠江水系尤其丰富，已开发的水电站，大多分布在长江、黄河和珠江的上游。目前，发电量居前的电站有二滩、葛洲坝、龙羊峡等。正在建设的三峡电站建成后将成为世界最大的水电站。３．土地资源（类型多样，比例不当）①我国主要利用的土地类型有耕地、林地、草地、建筑用地等。②特点：a我国土地资源丰富，类型多样；b山地多，平地少，耕地比重少；c农业用地绝对数量多，人均占有量少；d各类土地资源分布不均，土地生产力地区差异显著。③从我国土地资源空间分布看，耕地主要分布在湿润、半湿润平原、盆地及低山丘陵，北方以旱地为主，南方以水田为主；林地主要分布在东北、西南的深山区和边远地区及东南山地；草地主要分布在内陆干旱、半干旱高原、山地及青藏高原。我国土地利用中的核心问题是：保护有限的土地资源。我国土地利用中的基本原则是：因地制宜，合理布局。④问题：滥砍滥伐森林引起的水土流失；滥垦草原或过度放牧导致的沙漠化；不合理灌溉引起的土壤次生盐碱化；因乱建设滥占耕地导致的大量农田丧失等等。⑤对策：基本国策：十分珍惜和合理利用每一寸土地，切实保护耕地。其他对策：依照政策法令管理；做好开源与节流两项工作；加强土地资源的建设与保护。４．矿产资源我国矿产资源的特点：（1）矿产资源总量大，种类多；（2）分布广泛，相对集中。例如：煤、铁、石油产区以北方居多；有色金属矿则南方居多。相对集中有利于大规模开发，形成重要矿产地，但也造成不同地区间资源流通交换，加重运输负担。（3）伴生矿多、某些重要矿种（例如铁矿）贫矿多、富矿少，增加了开采运输和分选冶炼的难度。（三大伴生矿：四川攀枝花钒钛铁矿、甘肃金昌的镍铜矿、内蒙古白云鄂博的稀土铁矿）（4）矿产资源形势严峻，一方面人均占有量少；另一方面，采富弃贫，滥采滥挖，破坏环境、破坏矿山，浪费严重，利用率低。我国能源矿产的分布：我国能源的储量和产量居第一位的是煤，其次为石油、天然气。我国的煤60%分布在华北，东北、西北也不少。南方除云南、贵州等少数地区外，煤炭资源较少。重要的煤田有：山西：大同、阳泉、西山；河北：开滦、峰峰；山东兖州、陕西：神府；河南：平顶山；江苏：徐州；安徽：淮南、淮北；内蒙古：东胜、准格尔、霍林河；辽宁、阜新；黑龙江：鸡西、鹤岗；贵州：六盘水等。我国大陆上已开发的油田，主要分布在东北、华北。著名的油田有：东北黑龙江的大庆，辽宁的辽河。天津附近的华北油田、山东的胜利以及中原油田（简称中华胜利了）、甘肃的玉门、新疆的克拉玛依等。我国是世界上最早发现和利用天然气的国家之一。我国天然气主要集中在中西部地区的蒙陕高原、塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、四川盆地及东部浅海大陆架地区。主要的天然气田有：陕北靖边和内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区的长庆气田（以长庆气田为中心向四周辐射的输气管道）；塔里木的轮台（西气东输）；柴达木的涩北气田（涩宁兰输气管道）；四川的泸州、自贡威远、江油、达川和重庆的涪陵、万州等地（四川盆地环形输气管道）；南海的崖城13-1气田（向香港输气管道）；东海的平湖气田（向上海输气管道）和春晓气田（供气宁波、绍兴05年建成）［注意］中国的能源安全问题，中日关于俄的输油管线的争夺，中哈输油管线。我国金属矿的分布：（1）铁矿：铁矿是重要的矿产，因为钢铁工业是衡量一个国家工业发展水平的重要特征。我国铁矿资源丰富（居世界第三），但贫矿多，优质富铁矿少。我国铁矿分布广泛，其中从河北、辽宁、四川最多。著名的铁矿有：河北迁安、内蒙古白云鄂博、辽宁鞍山、本溪、湖北大冶、四川攀枝花、安徽马鞍山、海南石碌等。（2）有色金属矿：我国是世界上有色金属矿产资源最丰富的国家之一，其中稀土、锡、钨、钛、锑、锂、菱镁矿居世界首位。重要的矿山有：铜矿：江西德兴、云南东川、湖北大冶（铜、铁）；钨：江西大余；锡：云南个旧；锑矿：湖南锡矿山；汞矿：贵州铜仁；镍矿：甘肃金昌；稀土矿：内蒙古白云鄂博；金矿：山东招远；铝土矿：贵州修文、山东淄博、广西：平果；铅锌矿湖南水口山、青海锡铁山等④主要问题和对策：煤炭、石油、电力不足加强→能源基地建设和能源资源的勘探、开发。乱采滥挖，既破坏环境，又浪费严重→依《矿产资源法》护矿，综合利用，并研究利用替代性新材料。5、海洋资源（条件优越，类型丰富）①渔场形成有利条件：第一，宽浅大陆架，水温适宜；第二，河流注入带来丰富有机质、营养盐类；第三，寒暖流交汇，也使营养盐类丰富。这样就有利于浮游生物生长，为鱼类提供了充足饵料。舟山渔场是我国最大的渔场。（一年有两个鱼汛：冬季的带鱼汛和夏季的墨鱼汛）
［补充］舟山渔场成为我国第一大渔场原因：A地处台湾暖流和沿岸冷海流交汇点，鱼的种类多。B有长江、钱塘江等河流排放到该海域的大量有机物质和盐类，鱼的饵料丰富。C周围岛屿众多，为鱼的生活和繁殖提供了有利条件。D位置适中，处在我国南北海岸线的中心地带。
②我国是世界第一大海盐生产国，长芦盐场是我国最大的盐场。其它还有苏北沿海、台湾西部（布袋盐场）和海南岛西部（莺歌海盐场）等也是良好的晒盐场所。
［补充］长芦盐场形成原因：盐场的分布受地形和气候两方面影响。长芦盐场地处渤海湾西岸。因为这一带有晒盐的优越自然条件：１。有漫长宽广平坦的泥质海滩。２。有利于海水蒸发的天气，这是雨季短春季气温回升快，蒸发旺盛。
③我国近海石油丰富，目前已在渤海、东海、南海等部份海域开采出海底石油。采用国际招标是海底油气开发的可行性方式。此外，海洋水的淡化、海洋能源资源开发、海洋空间资源开发利用的前景也十分广阔。
④问题：过度捕捞和近海石油污染
对策：a禁止过度捕捞，做到捕捞结合；b防治海洋污染。6、森林资源
①基本特点：a宜林地区广，森林树种丰富；b森林覆盖率低（13.9%），林木蓄积量小；c森林资源地区分布不均；④森林资源破坏严重。
②主要分布地区：a全国最大林区东北林区：大、小兴安岭和长白山地，天然林为主；b第二大林区西南林区：横断山区、雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区和喜马拉雅山南坡，天然林为主；c南方林区台湾、福建、江西等省的山区，以次生林和人工林为主。③七大林业生态工程：“三北”防护林体系，长江中上游防护林体系，沿海防护林体系，太行山绿化工程，平原绿化工程，黄土高原水土保护林工程，全国防治沙漠化工程。
④成就：我国人工林面积居世界首位。
7、草场资源
①我国草场资源面积居世界第2位，是我国陆地上面积最大的生态系统。
②我国五大草原区：东北草原区；蒙、甘、宁草原区；新疆草原区；青藏草原区；南方草山区。
③我国四大牧区：内蒙古牧区（温带草原，代表畜种有蒙古马、蒙古羊、三河马、三河牛等）；新疆牧区（高山草甸，主要分布在天山、阿尔泰山区，代表畜种有新疆细毛羊、阿尔泰大尾羊、伊犁马等）；青海牧区、西藏牧区（属高原牧场、高山草甸，代表性畜种有藏山羊、藏绵羊、牦牛等）。
④我国草场资源利用现状：生产方式落后，靠天养畜，对草场利用多，建设少；天然草场的单位面积产草量逐年下降，草场退化面积不断扩大，草场沙化和碱化面积增加；草场载畜量越不来越少，一些地区已达到饱和状态。
⑤保护措施：加强管理，合理利用天然草场；大力建设人工草场。
中国人文地理
考点搜索
〖中国的疆域和行政区划〗
地理位置。国土构成。行政区划。〖中国的人口和民族〗
统一的多民族国家。中国民族分布特点及主要少数民族的地区分布。中国的人口增长和分布。中国的人口政策。我国人口迁移的现状和原因。〖中国的农业和工业〗
中国主要农作物的分布。中国的畜牧业和水产业。
中国主要工业基地和工业中心的分布、特点和形成条件。〖中国的交通、商业和旅游〗
中国主要交通运输线、铁路枢纽和港口。
中国主要商业中心，主要进出口商品，主要贸易国家和地区。中国的旅游资源。
〖中国的环境问题和可持续发展〗
中国的环境问题与环境保护。中国的可持续发展战略。知识要点第一节中国的疆域、行政区划这部分知识具有量大、难度低的特点，需要记忆的内容很多。在高考中这部分知识直接出现的概率很小。但是它却是学习整个中国地理的纲、基础、知识的落脚点。1、中国的位置：半球位置：北半球、东半球海陆位置：亚洲的东部、太平洋的西岸纬度位置：南北跨纬度近50°，大部分在温带，南部小部分在热带，没有寒带2、中国的疆域：⑴面积广大，陆地面积有960万平方千米（还有37万平方千米的海洋国土、300万平方千米经济专属区）。在世界各国中，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大，是世界第三大国。⑵领土四至最北端：黑龙江漠河以北黑龙江主航道中主线（多）最南端：南海南沙群岛上的曾母暗沙（附近）最东端：黑龙江与乌苏里江主航道中心线汇合处（多）最西端：新疆帕米尔高原（附近）南北跨纬度近，约5500千米，东西跨经度多、约5000千米，是一个地域辽阔、自然环境差异十分显著的国度。3、疆界和邻国⑴陆界和邻国：我国陆上国界长达2万多千米，共有14个陆上邻国，从鸭绿江口开始到北仑河口依次为朝鲜、俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸、老挝、越南（参照地图册）。［注意］我国已于201*年3月承认锡金是印度的一个邦。邻国名称所属区域与中国相邻的省地理特征朝鲜东亚辽宁、吉林半岛国相邻部分属吉林、黑龙江、内俄罗斯北亚蒙古、新疆世界上面积最大的国家内蒙古、甘肃、新蒙古东亚疆内陆国哈萨克斯坦吉尔吉斯斯坦中亚新疆均为内陆国，哈萨克斯坦为世界最大的内陆国塔吉克斯坦阿富汗西亚新疆内陆国（目前世界热点）巴基斯坦南亚新疆临海国、与我国相邻的是克什米尔的巴控区印度南亚新疆、西藏临海国（重点国家）尼泊尔南亚不丹西藏内陆山国，以喜马拉雅山与中国分界，珠穆朗玛峰位于中尼边界缅甸东南亚西藏、云南临海国，怒江流入缅甸后为萨尔温江老挝东南亚云南内陆国，澜沧江流入缅甸、老挝后为湄公河越南东南亚云南、广西临海国⑵海上疆界和隔海相望国家：我国有18000千米长的海岸线，对于我国的海上疆界同学们应了解如下几个概念：临海：和大陆直接相临的海域。我国的临海有渤海、黄海、东海、太平洋、南海。这里应注意我国台湾岛的东部与太平洋直接相临。（广阔的太平洋给我国带来了大量的水汽，对我国的工农业生产及海洋运输、海洋资源开发产生着重大而深远的影响。）领海：国家领土在海中的延伸，属于国家领土的一部分。领海的范围是从大陆海岸基线向海上延伸12海里。国家对领海行使主权。内海：如果边缘海或海峡完全属于我国领海，则为我国内海。我国的内海有渤海和琼州海峡。专属经济区：从大陆海岸基线向海中延伸200海里。专属经济区所属国家具有勘探、开发、使用、养护、管理海床和底土及其上覆水域自然资源的权利，对人工设施的建造使用、科研、环保等的权利。其它国家仍然享有航行和飞越的自由，以及与这些自由有关的其他符合国际法的用途（铺设海底电缆、管道等）。海峡：台湾海峡、琼州海峡、渤海海峡半岛：我国的半岛自北向南有辽东半岛、山东半岛、雷州半岛。岛屿：我国是世界上岛屿众多的国家之一。我国90%的岛屿分布在东海和南海。台湾岛、海南岛、崇明岛分别是我国第一、第二、第三大岛。舟山群岛、庙岛群岛、澎湖列岛、南海诸岛是我国的四大群岛。浙江省是我国岛屿分布最多的省。与我国隔海相望的国家有：韩国、日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚。［注意］关注“海岛争端”在东海、黄海地区，我国与朝鲜、韩国、日本的专属经济区和大陆架划界问题一直没有解决，我国的钓鱼岛则仍被日本占据着。
南海地区的形势更为复杂。目前，在南海地区，各国的专属经济区相互重叠交叉，我国的海洋权益受损最严重。
目前，日本不但在东海钓鱼岛问题上态度蛮横，而且其海上自卫队走出国门，南下与东盟国家在马六甲海峡开展联合巡逻和联合军演，插手南海地区事务。
近年来，印度的军事战略有所调整，以“控制印度洋”为中心，同时开始执行“向东看”政策。印度加紧建设远洋海军，并已经“东进”南海海域，与越南等国进行联合军事演习，颇令周边感到不安。
4、我国的行政区划
三级行政区：我国疆域辽阔，为了便于行政管理，有利于经济发展和民族团结，全国的行政区域，基本分为省（自治区、直辖市、特别行政区）、县（自治县、市）、乡（镇）三级，我国拥有34个省级行政区（包括23个省、4个直辖市、5个自治区和香港、澳门特别行政区）。
［注意］这是我们学习的难点，建议同学们通过经常看电视（天气预报）、报刊、多看地图、多做填图练习和拼图游戏等方式，熟练掌握34个省级行政单位的名称、位置、大小、轮廓特征等以及他们的简称、省会所在地城市等。
第二节中国的人口和民族
1、中国的人口
中国第五次人口普查资料显示，中国人口（201*年）为12.95亿，占世界人口的1/5强，是世界上人口最多的国家。人口密度在135人/平方千米以上，人口密度远大于俄、加、美、巴等国家。
［注意］201*年1月6日“中国13亿人口日”
我国人口（包括人口增长、人口分布、人口问题、人口迁移）是高考试卷经常涉及的内容。⑴人口分布：（掌握腾冲－黑河一线）：我国人口的空间分布是东南多，西北少；城乡分布：农村人口比重大，城镇人口比重小。我国约有三千多万华侨和华人生活在国外。侨胞的原藉以广东，福建两省最多⑵人口增长：我国人口的突出特点是人口基数大，人口增加快，庞大的人口数量严重地制约了我国社会的发展，所以国家把实行计划生育作为一项长期的基本国策；其主要内容是：控制人口数量，提高人口素质；其具体要求是：晚婚晚育，少生优生。⑶人口问题：人是生产者，也是消费者，人口发展必须与社会经济发展速度相适应，与资源利用和环境保护相协调。目前，人口已成了制约我国经济、社会发展的重要因素之一。人口问题的主要表现有：①人口增长过快。每年国家所产生的新增财富很大一部分为新增人口所抵消。国家、社会、家庭面临沉重的负担，妨碍了人民生活水平的迅速提高。资源、环境面临巨大的压力。②农村人口比重大，城镇人口比重小。目前我国城镇人口比重大约占1/3，仍低于发达国家平均水平。但同时我国又是世界上城镇人口最多的国家。今后随着我国社会、经济的快速发展，城镇人口还将快速增长。与此同时，我们又要防止城市人口膨胀所带来的城市问题。所以，国家对城市发展的方针是：严格控制大城市规模；合理发展中小城市；建设有特色的新型乡镇。使大中小城市有机结合，城乡人口合理布局。③人口迁移问题：二十世纪八十年代以来，国家实行改革开放政策。目前，我国每年都有数千万农民进城务工、经商，形成了特殊的“民工潮”。民工流动一方面使城乡差别缩小，促进了城市的发展与繁荣。同时也使农村过剩劳动力部分得到就业。增加了农民收入。另一方面，也给城市就业、交通、居住环境和生活环境、社会治安等带来很大压力。④人口老化。近年来，我国人口老化、老年人口增加的趋势发展很快。人口老化将给国家、社会和家庭带来沉重负担。同时，如何解决老年人的生活、娱乐、社会福利、医疗保障等问题，使老年人都有一个健康、快乐的晚年，是摆在我们面前的重大课题。［补充］第五次人口普查结果显示，我国人口有六个方面的特点：①人口过快增长的势头得到了有效控制。②城市化发展较快。③人口素质进一步提高，人口受教育程度显著提高。④老龄化进程加快。⑤少数民族人口有较快增长。⑥家庭户规模继续减小。2、中国的民族中国共有56个民族，是一个统一的多民族社会主义国家。其中汉族人口最多，占92%。其他55个民族被称为少数民族，其中壮族人口最多，有1500多万人。超过400万的少数民族还有：满、回、苗、维吾尔、藏、彝、土家、蒙古族等。民族分布特点：大杂居、小聚居各民族的地区分状况：汉族的分布遍及全国，主要集中在东部和中部；少数民族多分布在西南、西北和东北等边疆地区。云南省是我国少数民族最多的省份。民族政策：我国实行平等、团结、互助的民族政策，各民族不论大小，一律平等。国家尊重少数民族的文化、风俗习惯、宗教信仰等，在少数民族聚居的地区实行民族区域自治（如自治区、自治州、自治县、民族乡等）的政策。国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族加快发展本地区的经济、文化和各项社会事业。第三节中国的农业和工业1、中国的农业主要内容见已发的农业相关内容补充⑴种植业A．农业是国民经济的基础，广义的农业包括耕作业、林业、畜牧业和渔业。在我国，种植业是农业的主体。种植业受自然条件的影响很大，它一方面要求有适宜耕作的土地，一般要求地形平坦，土壤深厚、肥沃，水源丰富，灌溉便利；另一方面要有足够的供农作物生长所需的光照、热量和水分，世界上农业发展较早、农业发达的地区多分布在降水适中的热带、温带平原地区。我国的种植业区也主要分布在湿润、半湿润的东部季风区的平原、盆地和丘陵区。受气候条件的影响，我国南方和北方的农业在耕作制度、农作物种类等方面有明显的差异。分布主要分布在半湿润和湿润的平原地区这些平原地区，属于我国季风区，温度和降水条件好，属湿润和湿润地区，成因同时平原广阔，有利于种植业的发展北方秦岭－淮河一线以北，主要是旱地，灌溉多采用水浇形式。种植的农作物有小麦、棉花、花生、甜菜等。东北地区一年一熟，华北平原两年三熟或一年一熟南方秦岭－淮河一线以南，主要是水田，广泛种植水稻。此外，棉花、油菜、甘蔗等农作物的种植面积也较广。大部分地区一年两熟至三熟地区差异粮食生产的重要性提高粮食产我国人口众多，粮食的需要量大米，人口增长快，人均粮食产量不及世界平均水平。同时，我国是一个自然灾害频繁的国家，对粮食产量影响很大①珍惜和合理利用每一寸土地；量的主要途②科学方法种田，提高单位面积的产量和质量径我国的自然条件和土地资源是多种多样的，国家建设和人民生活的需要也是多方面的。因此，要积极发展多种经营。我国的农业生产是根据不同的积极发展多自然条件。相应地建成立了九大商品粮基地，和商品糖、油、棉等基地，种经营以贯彻"决不放松粮食生产"的同时，还要贯彻"积极发展多种经营"和"发展优质，高产，高效农业"的方针。B．我国的商品性农业生产基地的比较基地类型商品粮基地分布地区九大基地：①生产条件和基础好的地区：太湖平原、洞庭湖平原、江汉平原、鄱阳湖平原、成都平原、珠江三角洲；②增产潜力较大的地区：江淮地区；③粮食商品率较高的地区：松嫩平原、三江平原。商品棉基地五大基地：江汉平原；冀中南、鲁西北、豫北平原；长江下游滨海、沿江平原；黄淮平原；南疆油料花生重要性居于首位；主要分布在温带、亚热带的沙土和丘陵地区；山东作物基地油菜芝麻胡麻甘蔗产量最多我国播种面积最大的油料作物，主要分布在长江流域。有“北移南迁”的趋向，如黄淮海平原，辽、黑及华南地区主要在河南西北内陆地区生长习性：喜高温，需水肥量大，生长期长。台湾、广东、福建、四糖料作物川、云南、海南是主要产区（热带、亚热带）甜菜生长习性：喜温凉，耐盐碱、干旱，生长期短。黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、新疆四个省区（中温带）以进入国际市场为目标：太湖平原、闽南三角洲地带、珠江三角洲；出口商品基地种植花卉、蔬菜、水果，发展塘鱼禽畜生产。C．中国的粮食问题和主要的解决途径粮食生产是我国种植业的主体，在整个农业中占有举足轻重的地位，因为粮食是我国人民最基本的生活资料。我国有近13亿人口，粮食需求量大。目前，我国粮食产量居世界第一位，但人均粮食产量还只有400千克，刚刚达到世界平均水平。同时，我国人口增长快，耕地面积不断减少，农业自然灾害频繁。因此发展粮食生产，确保粮食生产的稳定，是关系我国国计民生的头等大事。也是实现农业生产合理布局的关键。解决我国粮食问题的主要途径是：①要珍惜和合理利用每一寸土地，切实保护耕地；②要实施科学种田，通过改造中低产田，提高单位面积产量和质量；③在确保粮食供求“基本平衡”的同时，积极开展多种经营，发展“优质、高产、高效农业”。面向市场，调整农作物品种和农业结构，一方面满足人民生活的丰富多样的需求，另一方面使广大农民的收入真正得以提高。④要用科学方法种田，提高单产量。例如：使用优良种子，采用先进的经营管理方法等。⑵林业森林是
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