初中语法总结
初中语法总结时态
1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:Be动词:She’saworker.Issheaworker?Sheisn’taworker.情态动词:
Icanplaythepiano.Canyouplaythepiano?Ican’tplaythepiano.行为动词:
Theywanttoeatsometomatoes.Dotheywanttoeatanytomatoes?Theydon’twanttoeatanytomatoes.Ginahasanicewatch.DoesGinahaveanicewatch?Ginadoesn’thaveawatch.2、现在进行时
表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sbbev-ingsth+其它.I’mplayingbaseball.Areyouplayingbaseball?I’mnotplayingbaseball.Nancyiswritingaletter.IsNancywritingaletter?Nancyisn’twritingaletter.
They’relisteningtothepopmusic.Aretheylisteningthepopmusic?Theyaren’tlisteningtothepopmusic.
语法总结句式1.陈述句肯定陈述句a)Thisisabook.(be动词)b)Helooksveryyoung.(连系动词)c)Iwantasweatlikethis.(实义动词)
d)Icanbringsomethingstoschool.(情态动词)e)There’sacomputeronmydesk.(Therebe结构)否定陈述句
a)Thesearen’ttheirbooks.b)Theydon’tlooknice.
c)Katedoesn’tgotoNo.4MiddleSchool.d)Katecan’tfindherdoll.e)Thereisn’tacathere.(=There’snocathere.)2.祈使句肯定祈使句
a)Pleasegoandasktheman.b)Let’slearnEnglish!c)Comein,please.否定祈使句a)Don’tbelate.b)Don’thurry.3.疑问句1)一般疑问句a)IsJimastudent?b)CanIhelpyou?c)Doesshelikesalad?
d)DotheywatchTV?e)Isshereading?肯定回答:a)Yes,heis.b)Yes,youcan.c)Yes,shedoes.d)Yes,theydo.e)Yes,sheis.否定回答:a)No,heisn’t.b)No,youcan’t.c)No,shedoesn’t.d)No,theydon’t.e)No,sheisn’t.2)选择疑问句
Isthetablebigorsmall?回答It’sbig./It’ssmall.3)特殊疑问句
①问年龄HowoldisLucy?Sheistwelve.
②问种类Whatkindofmoviesdoyoulike?Ilikeactionmoviesandcomedies.③问身体状况Howisyouruncle?Heiswell/fine.④问方式Howdo/canyouspellit?L-doubleO-K.
Howdowecontactyou?Mye-mailaddressispresident@xueersi.com.⑤问原因Whydoyouwanttojointheclub?
⑥问时间What’sthetime?(=Whattimeisit?)It’saquartertotena.m..Whattimedoyouusuallygetup,Rick?Atfiveo’clock.Whendoyouwanttogo?Let’sgoat7:00.⑦问地方Where’smybackpack?It’sunderthetable.⑧问颜色Whatcolorarethey?Theyarelightblue.What’syourfavouritecolor?It’sblack.⑨问人物Who’sthat?It’smysister.
Whoistheboyinblue?Mybrother.Whoisn’tatschool?PeterandEmma.WhoareLisaandTimtalkingto?
⑩问东西What’sthis/that(inEnglish)?It’sapencilcase.
Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Icanseesomebroccoli,strawberriesandhamburgers.11问姓名What’syouraunt’sname?HernameisHelen./She’sHelen.What’syourfirstname?Myfirstname’sBen.What’syourfamilyname?Myfamilyname’sSmith.12问哪一个Whichdoyoulike?Ilikeoneinthebox.13问字母Whatletterisit?It’sbigD/smallf.
14问价格Howmucharethesepants?They’re15dollars.15问电话号码What’syourphonenumber?It’s576-8349.16问谓语(动作)What’shedoing?He’swatchingTV.17问职业(身份)Whatdoyoudo?I’mateacher.What’syourfather?He’sadoctor.
过去将来时几种结构表未曾实现的意图
was/weregoingto+动词原形;was/wereto+动词原形;was/wereaboutto+动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。如:beheldthenextmonth.会议下个月开。
Weweretohaveourclassateight.八点我们该上课了。
IwasabouttotellhimaboutitwhenWuDonggotin.就在我要告诉他时,吴东进来了。
Theconferencewasgoingto
一、初一英语语法词法
1、名词A)、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:一)在后面加s。如:fathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas
二)x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如:boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes
三)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如:baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries,story-stories以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,ways
四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios,photos,但如是辅音加o的加es:如:tomatoes西红柿,potatoes马铃薯
五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese
七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,clothes,socks
八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察,class班,同学,family家,家庭成员
九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:actionmovie-actionmovies,penpal-penpals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:mandoctor-mendoctors,womanteacher-womenteachers
十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸,卷子,论文,work工作works作品,工厂,glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼镜,orange桔子水oranges橙子,light光线lights灯,people人peoples民族,time时间times时代,次数,chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s),Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs,VCDs,SARs十二)特殊形式的有:child-children,man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,mouse-mice,policeman-policemen,Englishman-EnglishmenB)名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s
二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是之s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’Day教师节,classmates’;Children’sDay六一节,Women’sDay三八节三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:MikeandBen’sroom迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’sandBen’srooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
二、
2、代词项目:人称代词物主代词指示代词反身代词
人称主格宾格形容词名词性第一人称
单数Imemyminemyself复数weusouroursourselves第二人称
单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称
单数sheherherhersherselfhehimhishishimselfitititsitsthisthatitself复数theythemtheirtheirsthesethosethemselves3、动词
A)第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:一)一般在词后加s。如:comes,spells,waits,talks,sees,dances,trains二)在x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如:watches,washes,wishes,finishes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies,hurry-hurries,try-tries2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays,says,stays,enjoys,buys四)以o结尾加es。如:does,goes五)特殊的有:are-is,have-hasB)现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:
一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling,sing-singing,see-seeing,train-training,play-playing,hurry-hurrying,watch-watching,go-going,do-doing二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing,wake-waking,take-taking,practice-practicing,write-writing,have-having
三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如showshowing,draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting,run-running,get-getting,let-letting,begin-beginning
四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying位于4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:
一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest,shortershortest,tallertallest,longerlongest,nicer-nicest,larger-largest二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewerfewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er/est。如:big-biggerbiggest,red-redderreddest,hot-hotterhottest
三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happierhappiest,sorry-sorriersorriest,friendly-friendlierfriendliest(morefriendlymostfriendly),busy-busierbusiest,easy-easiereasiest
四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)
good/well-betterbestmany/much-moremostbad/illworseworst
little-lessleastold-older/elderoldest/eldestfar-farther/furtherfarthest/furthest
5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i,eth跟上去。)first,second,third;fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth;seventh,tenth,thirteenth,hundredth;twenty-twentieth,forty-fortieth,ninety-ninetieth
扩展阅读:初中语法总结
初中英语语法
一.名词I.名词的种类:
专有名词国名.地名.人名,团体.机构名称II.名词的数:
1.规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则1234567一般情况在词尾加-s以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es加-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-daysclass-classes,watch-watches,dish-dishesthief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wivesbelief-beliefs,,roof-roofs,party-parties,family-families,story-stories,toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoespiano-pianos,photo-photos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos例词个体名词可数名词集体名词抽象名词普通名词不可数名词物质名词以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es不少外来词加-s以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s2.不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则12345改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式单复数相同只有复数形式一些集体名词总是用作复数部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)表6示加-s单复数同形以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenIII.名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的用法:1234表示时间表示自然现象表示国家城市等地方的名词表示工作群体today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holidaytheearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranchestheworld’spopulation,China’sindustrytheship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictoryclass,family,group,government,population,team,public,partyAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,EuropeansChinese,JapaneseEnglishmen,Frenchwomen例词man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,trousers,clothes,glasses,people,police,cattle“某国人”3.of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook
有时也用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the)。I.不定冠词的用法:134567第一次提及某人某物,非特指表示“每一”相当于every,one用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事用于固定词组中用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后表示某一类人或物用于世上独一无二的事物名词前表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事用于乐器前面表示“一家人”或“夫妇”用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前用于国家党派名词前在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前Aboyiswaitingforyou.Westudyeighthoursaday.AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutabit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,Thisroomisratherabigone.Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法:1234578910Thehorseisausefulanimal.theuniverse,themoon。Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?playtheviolin,playtheguitartheGreens,theWangsHeisthetallerofthetwochildren.theUnitedStates,,theFrenchinthe1990’sHepattedmeontheshoulder.三.代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性I,you,he,she,it,we,you,theyme,you,him,her,it,us,you,themmy,your,his,her,its,our,theirmine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirsmyself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselvesthis,that,these,those,such,somewho,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whateverthat,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either23反身代词4指示代词5疑问代词6关系代词7不定代词四.形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:
1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后nobodyabsent,everythingpossiblethebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossibletheonlypersonawake23alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置4和空间、时间、单位连用时5成对的形容词可以后置6形容词短语一般后置II.副词副词的分类:1时间副词2地点副词3方式副词4程度副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recentlyhere,nearby,outside,upwards,abovehard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,reallyalmost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather567abridge50meterslongahugeroomsimpleandbeautifulamandifficulttogetonwith频度副词疑问副词连接副词always,often,frequently,seldom,neverhow,where,when,whyhow,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhilewhen,where,why8关系副词III.形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。
1可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,any,。
2.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.
3用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.4.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.
5.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五.介词
常见介词有in、on、at、since、from、after、to、besides、except等,同学们在日常学习中应留心。六.动词I.动词的时态:
1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:一般进行完成现在时ask/asksam/is/areaskinghave/hasasked过去时askedwas/wereaskinghadasked将来时shall/willaskshall/willbeaskingshall/willhaveasked过去将来时should/wouldaskshould/wouldbeaskingshould/wouldhaveasked2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:
IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3.一般将来时的表达方式:将来时用法表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表例句Mysisterwillbetennextyear.It’sgoingtoclearup.1will/shall+动词原形2begoingto+动词原形示很有可能要发生某事3be+doing进行时表示将来beaboutto+动词原形go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.45beto+动词原形6一般现在时表示将来七.情态动词
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:
以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.
3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow..(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问和否定句中)八.非谓语动词
I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式todo不定式tobedoingtohavedone现在分词分词过去分词doing动名词havingdonedoinghavingdone构成时态和语态tobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingdonedonebeingdonehavingdone九.定语从句
I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词关系代词who先行词人从句成分主语例句Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?备注whom,which和that在从句中做beenbeen在非谓语前加notsb’sdoing具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语否定式复合结构forsb.todosth.特征和作用具有名词,副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamwhom人宾语workingwhose人,物定语Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.that人,物主语,宾语Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.which物主语,宾语Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.aswhen关系副词whywhere人,物时间地点原因主语,宾语时间状语地点状语原因状语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatas做宾语一般不省略可用onwhich可用inwhich可用forwhich十.名词性从句
有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,这里仅探讨宾语从句和同位语从句。种类宾语从句同位语从句作用在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容例句Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点从句须用一般现在时;when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,主句表示将来意义时,时间状语bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nowhile引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;sooner…than,themoment,theminute,until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。because语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。代替sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用immediately,directly,instantly地点状语原因状语条件状语目的状语结果状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatso…that,such…thatthough,although,evenif,eventhough,as,no让步状语matterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneverwhere,whereverbecause,as,since,nowthatif,unless,once,incase,aslongas,oncondition从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时that十二。倒装句种类完全倒装倒装条件here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首never,hardly,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首only和修饰的状语放于句首notonly…butalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒as引导的让步状语用于表示祝愿的祈使句中十三。虚拟语气类别与现在事实相反与过去事实相反用法从句动词:过去式(be用were)主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形从句动词:had+过去分词主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形例句Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.Ifitshouldrain例句Outrushedthechildren.Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.OnlythendidherealizetheimportanceofEnglish.NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!部分倒装If引导的条件从句与将来事实相反tomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.Theyaretalkingasif其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式theyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/Turnonthelightsothatmight/would等+动词原形demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形宾语从句wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形其它句型中Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望
wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式wecanseeitclearly.Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.It’shightimethatweleft.Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!
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